Ch 4 – Timeline and Sources of History

✅ BC - Before Christ: Jesus Christ के जन्म से पहले - dates counted backwards - Example: 2000 BC means 2000 years before birth of Jesus

✅ AD - Anno Domini: दो Latin शब्द - "in the year of the lord" - Jesus के जन्म के बाद - Example: AD 2008 or 2008 AD

✅ BCE - Before Common Era: BC की जगह अब BCE - Same meaning - Example: 560 BCE - Gautama Buddha born

✅ CE - Common Era: AD की जगह अब CE - Example: 1947 CE - India independence - can be written 1947 AD or 1947 CE

✅ No Year Zero: Timeline jumps directly from 1 BCE to 1 CE - कोई 0 साल नहीं

✅ Gregorian calendar: 12 months, 365 days, leap year every 4 years - worldwide civil purposes के लिए

✅ Other calendars: Hindu, Muslim, Jewish, Chinese calendars - festivals और auspicious events के लिए

✅ Decade: 10 years

✅ Century: 100 years - Example: 19th Century CE - Rani of Jhansi 1828

✅ Millennium: 1000 years

✅ Timeline: visually arrange events in order they happened - sequence और relationship दिखाता है

✅ Archaeological Sources: Old buildings, monuments - Temples, Mosques, Tombs, Churches, Palaces, Forts

✅ Inscriptions: Writings on seals, temple walls, stones or pillars - Epigraphy is study of inscriptions - Example: Allahabad Inscription of Samudragupta

✅ Coins: Made of copper, bronze, gold - depict image of kings, gods and goddesses

✅ Literary Sources: Religious literature and secular literature - handwritten or written records

✅ Primary Sources: Original documents created during time - inscriptions, ancient literature, letters - Secondary Sources: Books, articles that interpret primary sources

Q1. BC का मतलब? Before Christ - backwards count

Q2. CE का मतलब? Common Era - AD की जगह

Q3. सबसे ज्यादा use होने वाला calendar? Gregorian calendar

Q4. Archaeologists क्या खोदते हैं? tools, pots, beads, bones, burnt grains

Q5. Year Zero है क्या? नहीं - 1 BCE से सीधा 1 CE

✅ उत्तर: A) Before Christ - Example: 2000 BC = Jesus से 2000 साल पहले - NCERT

✅ उत्तर: A) Anno Domini - Jesus के जन्म के बाद - Example: AD 2008

✅ उत्तर: B) CE - और BC की जगह BCE - Before Common Era - NCERT - 1947 CE = 1947 AD

✅ उत्तर: A) Gregorian - NCERT exact - Hindu Muslim Jewish Chinese festivals के लिए

✅ उत्तर: B) कोई Year Zero नहीं - NCERT exact - 1 BCE से सीधा 1 CE

✅ उत्तर: A) NCERT exact list - tools, pots, beads, bones, burnt grains, houses - अग्निवीर में हर साल!

✅ उत्तर: A) NCERT exact - मिट्टी या चट्टान में संरक्षित पदचिह्न, पौधे, जानवर

✅ उत्तर: A) NCERT - मुहर, मंदिर दीवार, पत्थर, स्तंभ पर लिखावट - Epigraphy is study

✅ उत्तर: A) 560 BCE - NCERT exact example - अग्निवीर में पूछा जाता है

✅ उत्तर: B) 1801-1900 - Decade 10 years, Millennium 1000 years - NCERT