{"id":874,"date":"2026-10-04T19:16:04","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T19:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academic.pargaidefenceacademy.in\/Class-9th\/?p=874"},"modified":"2026-10-07T02:56:10","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T02:56:10","slug":"chapter-13-earth-as-a-system-energy-matter-and-life","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/academic.pargaidefenceacademy.in\/Class-9th\/2026\/10\/04\/chapter-13-earth-as-a-system-energy-matter-and-life\/","title":{"rendered":"*Chapter 13* | Earth as a System: Energy, Matter and Life | \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-874\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-874-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-874-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-874-0-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH13-HINDI\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #1a237e;border-radius:14px;background:#e8eaf6;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#1a237e;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#1a237e;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 - \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 - \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"h13-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/6 - \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1a237e;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<div style=\"background:#ffebee;border-left:4px solid #b71c1c;padding:8px 10px;font-weight:bold;\">\u092a\u0947\u091c 252 - \u0938\u094b\u091a\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0930\u093e<\/div>\n- \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<br>\n- \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<br>\n- \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908 \u091a\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0908 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<br>\n- \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/b><br>\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 6-8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0925\u093e - \u0927\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e, \u0907\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u0947 (\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#e3f2fd;border:3px solid #1565c0;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;\">\n<b>5 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/b><br>\n\ud83e\udea8 <b>\u092d\u0942-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932:<\/b> \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0917\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0964<br>\n\ud83d\udca7 <b>\u091c\u0932-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932:<\/b> \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 - \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e-\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091d\u0940\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u0932\u0964<br>\n\u2744\ufe0f <b>\u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932:<\/b> \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a - \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e - \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0932\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u091f\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<br>\n\ud83c\udf2c\ufe0f <b>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932:<\/b> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0939\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092b \u0939\u0935\u093e - \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 78% \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 21% + \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928 CO2 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0964<br>\n\ud83c\udf33 <b>\u091c\u0940\u0935-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932:<\/b> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 - \u092e\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0916\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<br>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"h13-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1565c0;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/6 - \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1a237e;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 13.1 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 253<\/b><br>\n\u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b (\u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932) \u091d\u0940\u0932 (\u091c\u0932-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932) \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u2192 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0939 \u0915\u0930 \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930? \u2192 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<br>\n\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930: \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u2192 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2192 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u2192 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e \u2192 \u091c\u0932-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u2192 \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0964<br>\n<span style=\"background:#e8f5e9;padding:3px 10px;border-radius:6px;font-weight:bold;\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937: \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 - \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><br><br>\n\n<b>13.1 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e - \u092a\u0947\u091c 253-257<\/b><br>\n\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f 3\u00d710\u2078 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\/\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e: \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 UV 100-400 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0916 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0936\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 IR \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u0942\u0930\u091c \u0915\u0940 99% \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e UV \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f IR \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 = 1.4 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0935\u093e\u091f\/\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u00b2 = 1400 \u091c\u0942\u0932\/\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\/\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u00b2<\/b> - \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u092a = \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e - \u0938\u093e\u092b \u0906\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e ~1 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0935\u093e\u091f\/\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u00b2\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930 \u0927\u0942\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0923\u093f 1950 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u092a \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0938 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 1982 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Solar Radiation Over India \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u091f\u0932\u0938 \u0906\u091c \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 13.1 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e = \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u00d7 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u00d7 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/b><br>\n\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e=1\u00d71000\u00d71\u00d73600=36 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u091c\u0942\u0932 =3.6\u00d710\u2076 \u091c\u0942\u0932 = \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0940 1 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f =5 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930 100\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e: \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936 - \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/b><br>\n\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e: \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b 0.80-0.90, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0940\u0932\u093e 0.50-0.70, \u091f\u0942\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 0.25-0.30, \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 ~0.2, \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u092e ~0.1, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e ~0.06\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 13.6:<\/b> \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 - \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0908\u0902\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u2192 AC \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0964 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/b> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u2192 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0923 - \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"h13-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#2e7d32;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/6 - \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1a237e;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e 13.2 \u092a\u0947\u091c 258:<\/b><br>\n- <b>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 0-12 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940:<\/b> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e - \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e ~6.5\u00b0C\/\u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 - \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 - 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\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f CO2 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e - \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 - \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 - \u092e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0942\u092c \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<br>\n\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.14 \u0915\u0940\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f CO2 1960 \u092e\u0947\u0902 315ppm \u0938\u0947 2025 \u092e\u0947\u0902 420ppm - 1960 \u0938\u0947 35% \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0942\u0924\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 - \u0906\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f CO2 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b CO2 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091a\u0930\u092e \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e - \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0928\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926\u0964<br>\n\u0927\u093e\u0917\u0947: \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u093e 71% \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 - \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 - \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 ~1%\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>13.3.3 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.15 - 5 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/b><br>\n\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 - \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 N2 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 - \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0964<br>\n\u091a\u0930\u0923: \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u094b\u092c\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0932\u0939\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u091c\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f N2 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e NH3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 - \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964<br>\n- \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f NO2-, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f NO3- \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924, \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0916\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964<br>\n- \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0964<br>\n- \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e\u0964<br>\n\u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 1900 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e - \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 - \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0917\u0939\u0928 ~1-2% \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>13.3.4 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.16:<\/b><br>\n21% \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 O2 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 - \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br>\n\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 O2 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 CO2 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 - \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0939\u0928 O2 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 CO2 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e - \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0927\u0942\u092a \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 CO2 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u092c\u0928\u093e O2 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 - \u0916\u092a\u0924 (\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0939\u0928) \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e\u0964<br>\n\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b? O2 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"h13-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/6 - \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1a237e;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>13.4 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 265:<\/b><br>\n\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f - \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 CO2 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u092e \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f - \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092d\u0942-\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f CO2 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f - \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 - \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 CO2 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0964<br>\n- \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u092d\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e - \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 50 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 - 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\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e<br>\n\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e 5 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f 3\u00d710\u2078, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 1.4kW\/m\u00b2, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e=\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u00d7\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u00d7\u0938\u092e\u092f=3.6\u00d710\u2076 \u091c\u0942\u0932=1 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 12 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 6.5\u00b0C\/\u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 CFC \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932, \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 30\u00b0 60\u00b0, \u091c\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940, \u0917\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f, \u091c\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e 315\u2192420ppm \u0915\u0940\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 71% \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 1% \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 49% \u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 5 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 1-2% \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928, \u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0941\u091f\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#1a237e;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"h13p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"h13i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#1a237e;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 6<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"h13n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=6;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('h13-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('h13i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('h13n').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('h13p').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-874-1\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-874-1-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-874-1-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH13-FULL\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:14px;background:#e3f2fd;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#0d47a1;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#0d47a1;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:13px;\">Ch 13 Earth as a System - \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 - \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 PDF \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"c13f-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/6 - \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e 5 Spheres<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<div style=\"background:#ffebee;border-left:4px solid #b71c1c;padding:8px 10px;font-weight:bold;\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e 1: Earth System<\/div>\nCollection of Earth's subsystems - atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, biosphere - interact through exchange of energy and matter to maintain environment. Life powered by constant flow of energy (Sun main + Earth's hot interior + chemical reactions in air, water, rocks).<br><br>\n\n<b>5 Spheres \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/b><br>\n1. <b>Geosphere:<\/b> Solid rocks, soil, landforms (Deccan plateau, Thar desert), Earth's interior.<br>\n2. <b>Hydrosphere:<\/b> Liquid water - oceans, rivers (Ganga-Brahmaputra), lakes, groundwater - 71% Earth surface, 97.5% water.<br>\n3. <b>Cryosphere:<\/b> Solid water - ice and snow - Himalayan glaciers, Ladakh snow, polar ice caps - natural reservoir stores winter precipitation as solid releases slowly summer.<br>\n4. <b>Atmosphere:<\/b> Air held by gravity - N2 78%, O2 21%, Argon, CO2, water vapour small amount - that small does greenhouse work, not abundant N2 O2.<br>\n5. <b>Biosphere:<\/b> All living organisms and habitats - mangroves, forests, farms, ocean plankton, coral reefs.<br><br>\n\n<b>Interconnection \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/b> Five spheres joined by two things never stop moving - energy (mainly Sun) and matter (water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, minerals). Share same energy and same matter, change in one must appear in others. Example: less snowfall winter \u2192 smaller store snow ice \u2192 less melt water summer \u2192 lake level falls \u2192 drier soil \u2192 poorer grass \u2192 less food for sheep \u2192 shepherd income falls - change began cryosphere ended human household.<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c13f-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1a237e;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/6 - Energy \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>13.1 Uneven Heating \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/b><br>\n- Solar radiation main source, EM waves travel through vacuum at speed of light 3\u00d710^8 ms^-1.<br>\n- EM spectrum: gamma, X-rays (high energy harmful filtered by upper atmosphere), UV 100-400nm (mostly absorbed by ozone layer, protects life, heats atmosphere, damages eyes\/skin cancer - use glasses sunscreen, useful kill germs water purifiers), Visible (photosynthesis food, warms land water), IR (warms surface re-radiates trapped by greenhouse gases CO2 CH4 water vapour), microwaves, radio waves little energy.<br>\n- 99% Sun's energy falls within UV, Visible, IR - shape climate and support life.<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 1: Solar Constant = 1.4 kW\/m\u00b2 = 1400 J\/s\/m\u00b2<\/b> - average solar energy per unit time per unit area perpendicular to Sun's rays at top of atmosphere before absorption scattering reflection.<br>\nInsolation = amount Sun's radiation reaching Earth's surface. Max insolation at surface ~1 kW\/m\u00b2 clear sky. India tropical subtropical receives abundant year round drives southwest monsoon and solar energy potential.<br>\nAnna Mani 1950s mapped insolation India with S. Rangarajan published Solar Radiation Over India 1982 first insolation atlas - foundation for solar power today.<br><br>\n\n<b>Example 13.1 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930: E = Intensity \u00d7 area \u00d7 time<\/b><br>\nE=1\u00d71000 J\/s\/m\u00b2\u00d71m\u00b2\u00d73600s=3.6\u00d710^6 J = 1 unit electricity bill = melt 5kg ice and heat to 100\u00b0C.<br><br>\n\n<b>Albedo \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e: Fraction of solar radiation reflected by surface.<\/b> Latin whiteness. High albedo cool reflect more, low albedo heat absorb more.<br>\nTable 13.1: Snow 0.80-0.90, Ice 0.50-0.70, Crushed rock 0.25-0.30, Light soil ~0.2, Black soil low ~0.1, Ocean water low ~0.06.<br>\nPolar regions very cold high albedo, black soil ocean warmer low albedo.<br><br>\n\n<b>Urban Heat Island \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/b> Cities warmer than rural especially summer night - steel concrete brick asphalt absorb retain heat re-radiate warms cities \u2192 more AC energy demand \u2192 stress urban ecosystems. Rural forests cool shade transpiration. Shows human land use alter local climate Fig 13.6.<br>\n\n<b>Latitude and Shape \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/b> Earth spherical \u2192 Sun rays strike different latitudes different angles - equatorial concentrated small area warm year round, polar spread large area cold. Uneven heating temperature difference equator poles drives global winds and ocean currents. Tilt gives seasons changing length daytime.<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c13f-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#01579b;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/6 - Atmosphere Wind Ocean<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Atmosphere Layers \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e Table 13.2:<\/b><br>\n- <b>Troposphere 0-12km:<\/b> All weather formation - evaporation condensation precipitation - temp decreases with height ~6.5\u00b0C\/km - warm air rises drives winds storms - height max equator lowest polar.<br>\n- <b>Stratosphere 12-50km:<\/b> Ozone layer absorbs UV heats atmosphere temp rises with height calms layer lack vertical mixing keeping weather confined to troposphere.<br>\n- <b>Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere minor role.<\/b> At ~100km outer space start.<br>\n- Regulates energy flow shaping weather climate life.<br><br>\n\n<b>Atmosphere 2 Crucial Roles:<\/b><br>\n1. Partly absorbs incoming solar - ozone blocks harmful UV, clouds gases absorb sunlight before reaches surface Fig13.5<br>\n2. Traps outgoing heat - Earth surface absorbs sunlight re-radiates IR - greenhouse gases CO2 CH4 water vapour absorb prevent escaping space.<br>\nWithout atmosphere Earth too cold for life. Excess CO2 from human enhances greenhouse effect causing global warming if unchecked could make Earth uninhabitable.<br>\nVenus hotter than Mercury even Mercury closer to Sun because Venus thick atmosphere uncontrolled greenhouse effect - same Sun atmosphere makes difference.<br><br>\n\n<b>Ozone \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/b> Vital protective shield absorbing harmful UV. Destroyed faster than formed becomes thinner less effective. Late 20th century CFCs from refrigerators aerosols caused severe loss over Antarctica known ozone hole. Increased UV harm living ecosystems. Montreal Protocol reduced CFCs ozone slowly recovering showing power of international cooperation. K.R. Ramanathan India's atmospheric scientist climbed 18000 feet Himalayas 1934 measure ozone lower than expected laid foundation UV absorption varies altitude pollution led early monsoon forecasting.<br><br>\n\n<b>Wind \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/b><br>\n- Wind = movement air high pressure to low pressure caused by uneven heating.<br>\n- <b>Local winds:<\/b> Valley breeze day - mountain slopes heated more rapidly than valley floor \u2192 warm air rises low pressure \u2192 cooler valley air moves up slopes Fig13.8a. Mountain breeze night reverse - slopes lose heat faster cooler denser flows down valley Fig13.8b. Common Shimla Dehradun Himalayan valleys - regulate temperature moisture support soil crop health.<br>\n- <b>Planetary winds:<\/b> Uneven heating equator poles create belts low high pressure - equatorial low pressure warm air rises moves poleward higher altitudes cooling denser sinks around 30\u00b0N\/S subtropical high pressure belts - air flows back toward equator surface completing circulation Fig13.9a - part moves poles rises around 60\u00b0N\/S meeting cold polar air sub-polar low pressure - polar regions ~90\u00b0N\/S very low temp cold dense sinks polar high pressure belts air flows toward sub-polar belts Fig13.9b. Earth's rotation deflects - right Northern left Southern.<br>\n- <b>Ocean Currents:<\/b> Continuous movement large masses ocean water - planetary pressure differences drive - strong planetary winds drag surface water friction setting surface currents - plus temp salinity rotation land distribution influence. Equatorial polar water different temps salinities - warm equatorial surface toward poles colder denser back deeper - lower salinity less dense near surface higher salinity denser sinks deeper. Rotation forms gyres clockwise Northern counter-clockwise Southern Fig13.10a - continents block redirect.<br>\nTransport heat equator to poles reduce temp differences - example North Atlantic Drift extension Gulf Stream warm water from southern North American east coast across Atlantic toward northwestern Europe keeps ports ice-free winter high latitudes moderating climate supports trade commerce - also transport nutrients massive ecosystem.<br>\nIITM Pune advanced computer models couple energy flows atmosphere oceans land ice simulate Indian monsoon using satellites buoys Indian Ocean stations Antarctica improve forecasts study global warming may change monsoon patterns.<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c13f-4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#4a148c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe3 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4\/6 - Biogeochemical Cycles<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>13.3 Biogeochemical Cycles \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/b> Cyclic movement of matter and energy between abiotic (air water soil rocks) and biotic (living) components - continuous exchange - ensures essential nutrients carbon nitrogen oxygen recycled available to support life - dynamic relationship different ecosystems helps recover from disturbances degradation maintain balance.<br>\nRole MCQ answer: (ii) To recycle essential nutrients between biotic and abiotic components - NOT create new elements elements simply move change form.<br><br>\n\n<b>13.3.1 Water Cycle Fig13.12:<\/b><br>\nTerms: evaporation (water bodies rivers lakes oceans), transpiration (plants), condensation (clouds), precipitation (rain hail snow to surface), infiltration (seeps through soil rocks beneath), groundwater, runoff (flows back ocean). Water dissolves minerals from soil rocks supports terrestrial organisms transports nutrients to oceans support marine life.<br>\nClimate change effect: warmer atmosphere holds more moisture causing heavier rains some areas (intensified monsoons) droughts elsewhere - melting glaciers add more water to rivers raising sea levels long run threatening coastal cities Mumbai Chennai - sudden intense rainfall more runoff erodes soil less infiltration reduces recharge groundwater making sustaining agriculture difficult dry months. Links cryosphere (glaciers), hydrosphere (rivers oceans), atmosphere (moisture), geosphere (soil erosion decreased infiltration), biosphere (crops fisheries) all affected by global warming.<br><br>\n\n<b>13.3.2 Carbon Cycle Fig13.13 - \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/b><br>\nCarbon backbone of life - every protein carbohydrate fat DNA contains carbon ~49% dry weight of living organisms. Circulates continuously between atmosphere (CO2 gas), biosphere (plants animals), geosphere (carbonate rocks and fossil fuels coal oil), hydrosphere (dissolved CO2 and marine shells).<br>\nFast cycle days to years: plants convert atmospheric CO2 into glucose using sunlight photosynthesis - CO2 released back respiration - animals eat plants\/animals - when die CO2 returns air decomposition.<br>\nSlow cycle millions years: dead plants animals get buried converted to fossil fuels coal oil gas - burnt provide energy heating cooking transportation industrial - carbon released back as CO2 very short time scale. Atmosphere ocean water continuously exchange CO2 - ocean absorbs atmospheric CO2 to form carbonate bicarbonate ions - phytoplankton use for photosynthesis - marine organisms use form shells - when die sink ocean floor organic matter stored as carbon long period.<br>\nFig13.14 Keeling curve: Atmospheric CO2 315ppm 1960 to 420ppm 2025 - 35% rise since 1960 unprecedented history human civilisation - sawtooth pattern seasonal dips yearly plant growth Northern Hemisphere absorbing CO2. Some CO2 necessary keep Earth warm enough sustain life balance critical excessive intensifies greenhouse leading global warming melting glaciers Arctic sea ice rising sea level extreme weather - India more intense monsoons warmer air holds more moisture threats agriculture changing rainfall. India rapidly increasing renewable energy help minimise carbon.<br>\nThreads: 71% total global carbon found in oceans - oceanic reservoir regulates CO2 in atmosphere - atmosphere holds only ~1% total global carbon.<br><br>\n\n<b>13.3.3 Nitrogen Cycle Fig13.15 - \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e 5 steps:<\/b><br>\nNitrogen essential synthesis proteins nucleic acids all living - largest reservoir atmosphere however N2 non-reactive cannot directly used must converted soluble compounds absorb - overall movement between air soil water organisms called nitrogen cycle.<br>\nSteps: nitrogen fixation, assimilation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification.<br>\n- Fixation: Rhizobium root nodules legumes and Azotobacter soil convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia NH3 - plus lightning tiny amount fixes to nitrogen oxides.<br>\n- Nitrification: Nitrosomonas convert ammonia into nitrite NO2-, Nitrobacter convert nitrite into nitrate NO3-.<br>\n- Assimilation: Plants assimilate nitrogen compounds from soil, animals obtain nitrogen consuming plants\/animals.<br>\n- Ammonification: Decomposers bacteria fungi break organic matter when plants animals die produce waste returning ammonia to soil.<br>\n- Denitrification: Pseudomonas convert some nitrates back into nitrogen gas completes cycle maintains balance.<br>\nHaber-Bosch early 1900s making ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen produces most fertilisers today - Bread from Air revolutionised agriculture enabling India's Green Revolution feeding billions - more than half nitrogen atoms in human body come from Haber-Bosch. However energy intensive uses ~1-2% global energy, overuse fertilisers degraded soil water.<br><br>\n\n<b>13.3.4 Oxygen Cycle Fig13.16:<\/b><br>\n21% atmosphere free O2 essential component most biological molecules carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids fats - also exists combined forms Earth's crust metal oxides minerals air as carbon dioxide.<br>\nProcesses regulate oxygen level: Organisms plants animals use O2 respiration releases CO2 - Combustion fuels uses O2 releases CO2 - Plants restore O2 through photosynthesis using sunlight water CO2 to form glucose release O2 - balance consumption (respiration combustion) and production (photosynthesis) circulates oxygen between atmosphere land oceans living organisms sustaining life across all spheres.<br>\nWhat if photosynthesis stopped? No O2 restoration life collapse.<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c13f-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/6 - Human Impact \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>13.4 Human Impact on Earth's Processes:<\/b><br>\nRising CO2 fossil fuels leads extreme weather biodiversity loss - disrupt biogeochemical cycles across spheres.<br>\n- Excess atmospheric CO2 increases ocean absorption making sea water more acidic - threaten tiny plankton coral reefs disrupting marine ecosystems - however warmer ocean water reduces ocean capacity absorb CO2 as effective carbon sink.<br>\n- Burning fossil fuels deforestation saturate natural carbon sinks like forests oceans - past 50 years significant change Earth's natural systems - India fossil fuels still significant electricity harmful emissions although rapid growth solar offers hope - excess CO2 intensifies greenhouse warming disrupting carbon cycle.<br>\n- Overuse fertilisers agriculture adds excessive nitrogen via nitrates to rivers lakes causing widespread growth algae algal blooms deplete oxygen kill fish - process called <b>eutrophication Fig13.17<\/b> - threatens water bodies coastal fisheries.<br>\n- Deforestation multiple effects across air water land living organisms - clearing forests results decreased photosynthesis reduced transpiration which can lead decline local rainfall - alters surface albedo - without tree roots hold soil together soil erosion increase - over time habitats destroyed decline biodiversity species lose homes.<br>\n- Vehicular emissions react with sunlight form ground level smog - formation ground level ozone harmful health (remember ozone in stratosphere blocks UV protective). Pollutants make city air unhealthy.<br><br>\n\n<b>Solution:<\/b><br>\nLocal actions and global cooperation help restore natural systems - Montreal Protocol started recovery ozone layer through global cooperation - Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement supposed reduce CO2 less successful.<br>\nConserving energy resources switching renewable (solar wind), planting trees, saving water sustainable farming help restore balance - India planted billions trees expanded solar renewable significantly promoted sustainable farming - Individuals contribute saving resources water food energy reducing waste reusing recycling materials - Together help maintain environmental balance.<br>\nMission LiFE Lifestyle for Environment India-led global initiative introduced UN Climate Change Conference 2021 encourages mindful eco-friendly lifestyles - traditional practices ancient texts India long recognised Earth functions interconnected system - Earth works flow energy cycling matter across spheres unsustainable consumption disturbs balance promoting simple habits saving energy conserving resources highlights how actions individuals communities help build sustainable future.<br><br>\n\n<b>At a Glance \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 - \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 PDF \u092a\u0947\u091c 266:<\/b><br>\n- EM radiation from Sun primary source energy.<br>\n- Most weather processes evaporation condensation precipitation occur troposphere.<br>\n- Shape Earth latitude tilt primarily responsible variations insolation hence uneven heating.<br>\n- Uneven heating responsible generation winds ocean currents.<br>\n- Matter energy continuously cycled between living biotic and non-living abiotic systems.<br>\n- Atmospheric oxygen used combustion respiration oxide formation restored mainly photosynthesis.<br>\n- Water carbon nitrogen oxygen continuously cycle between atmosphere oceans land living organisms.<br>\n- Biogeochemical cycles make nutrients available sustain life regulate climate balance ecosystems.<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c13f-6\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 6\/6 - \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Revise Reflect Refine \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 267:<\/b><br>\nQ1 Role biogeochemical cycles? Ans (ii) recycle essential nutrients between biotic abiotic.<br>\nQ2 Primarily responsible warming Earth? Ans (iii) Earth's surface absorbs solar radiation which is then re-radiated and trapped by greenhouse gases - greenhouse effect.<br>\nQ3 Climate change affects water cycle? Ans warmer holds more moisture heavier rains some areas drought elsewhere melting glaciers raise sea levels Mumbai Chennai intense runoff erodes soil less infiltration groundwater agriculture difficult.<br>\nQ4 Albedo affects temperature? High albedo snow ice 0.8-0.9 reflect large proportion stay cool polar cold low albedo black soil ocean absorb more warmer.<br>\nQ5 Mountain valley breezes formed? Day valley breeze slopes heated rapid warm rises low pressure valley air moves up Fig13.8a night mountain breeze slopes lose heat faster cooler denser flows down Fig13.8b - Grass vs barren rocks - barren low albedo heats more valley breeze stronger warmer vs grass cooler.<br>\nQ6 Which atmospheric layer weather? Troposphere 0-12km heated from Earth surface temp decreases 6.5\u00b0C\/km warm air rises drives winds storms.<br>\nQ7 Nitrogen cycle processes? Fixation Rhizobium Azotobacter NH3 nitrification Nitrosomonas NO2 Nitrobacter NO3 assimilation ammonification decomposers denitrification Pseudomonas N2 - If not cycled life impossible proteins nucleic acids no N.<br>\nQ8 Deforestation impacts O2 C cycles? Decreased photosynthesis less O2 restoration more CO2 excess warming reduced transpiration rainfall decline erosion albedo change habitat loss biodiversity decline.<br>\nQ9 Carbon path back to atmosphere diagram? Plants use CO2 photosynthesis glucose \u2192 animals eat \u2192 respiration \u2192 decomposers decomposition \u2192 combustion fossil fuels \u2192 ocean plankton respiration \u2192 all CO2 back Fig13.13.<br>\nQ10 Excess CO2 undesirable even required plants? Some necessary keep warm but excess intensifies greenhouse global warming melting sea level extreme weather ocean acidification threatens marine life despite plants need.<br>\nQ11 How heat lost Earth surface? Re-radiation IR absorbed greenhouse gases some escapes space significance regulates temperature maintains balance.<br>\nQ12 If Earth flat disc instead sphere? Solar radiation evenly distributed no latitude variation no temperature difference equator poles no planetary winds ocean currents like now no seasons - uniform heating.<br>\nQ13 Rise atmospheric temperature affect cryosphere hydrosphere biosphere? Cryosphere melt glaciers polar ice sea level rise, hydrosphere evaporation more monsoon variability floods droughts, biosphere habitat loss species extinction coral bleaching etc.<br>\nQ14 Atmosphere maintains suitable temp? Partly absorbs incoming ozone blocks UV clouds absorb, traps outgoing IR greenhouse gases prevents escaping too cold to warm enough 15\u00b0C average.<br>\nQ15 Interrelationship spheres delicate balance example already given Arabian Sea warm evaporation monsoon variability floods droughts rise temp melt glaciers sea level coastal cities threaten biosphere habitat loss.<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 Chapter 13 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e - \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e<br>\n\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e 5 spheres, EM waves, solar constant 1.4kW\/m\u00b2, E=I\u00d7A\u00d7t, albedo, troposphere 12km 6.5\u00b0C\/km, greenhouse effect, ozone CFC Montreal, valley\/mountain breeze, planetary winds 30\u00b0 60\u00b0, gyres clockwise Northern, Gulf Stream North Atlantic Drift, water cycle terms, carbon fast slow 315\u2192420ppm 35% 71% ocean 1% atmosphere 49% dry weight, nitrogen 5 steps Haber-Bosch 1-2% energy, oxygen balance, eutrophication, human impact, Mission LiFE<br>\n\u0905\u092c \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f MCQ \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090a\u0901 \u0938\u0930?\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#0d47a1;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c13fp\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"c13fi\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#0d47a1;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 6<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c13fn\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=6;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('c13f-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('c13fi').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('c13fn').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('c13fp').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-874-2\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-874-2-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-874-2-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH13-EXER\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:14px;background:#ffebee;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#b71c1c;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#b71c1c;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;\">Chapter 13 - \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 Exercise - \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e - \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"ex13-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/5 - Q1-Q4<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09301. \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092d\u0942-\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n(ii) \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n(iii) \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u090f \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n(iv) \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (ii)<\/b><br>\n\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923: \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u090f \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0938 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09302. \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 CO2 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n(ii) \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0923 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0964<br>\n(iii) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n(iv) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (iii)<\/b><br>\n\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0927\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09303. \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u091c\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0928\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e\u0964 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908 \u091a\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091c\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0932-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092d\u0942-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09304. \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b = \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b 0.80-0.90 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 ~0.06 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ex13-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1565c0;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/5 - Q5-Q8<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09305. \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0922\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0902\u091c\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0922\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e? \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 - \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.8\u0915\u0964 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093e \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0918\u0928\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.8\u0916\u0964 \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0902\u091c\u0930 - \u092c\u0902\u091c\u0930 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u092c\u0902\u091c\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09306. \u0906\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 0-12 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e ~6.5\u00b0C\/\u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 12-50 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 UV \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09307. \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> 5 \u091a\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u094b\u092c\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0932\u0939\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0920 \u090f\u091c\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 N2\u2192NH3 + \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0938 NH3\u2192NO2- \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 NO2-\u2192NO3-, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0916\u093e \u0915\u0930, \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c NH3 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0938 NO3-\u2192N2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0964 \u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 1900 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 1-2% \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09308. \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948? \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> O2 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u092e O2 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0964 C \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930: CO2 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c \u0915\u092e \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f: \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u092e\u0940, \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ex13-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#2e7d32;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/5 - Q9-Q12<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u09309. \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e CO2 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.13 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930:<br>\n1. \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 CO2 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 - \u0924\u0947\u091c \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932\u0964<br>\n2. \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u0947 CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br>\n3. \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br>\n4. \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0940 CO2 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0942\u092c \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0964<br>\n5. \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u092c \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 - \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0947 CO2 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br>\n6. \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 CO2 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947 CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u093010. \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u0915\u0941\u091b CO2 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f ~15\u00b0C \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0964 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 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\u0905\u092d\u0942\u0924\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u093011. \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0927\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 IR \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 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\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 30\u00b0 60\u00b0 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u090b\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0930 \u091c\u0917\u0939\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ex13-4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#4a148c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe3 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4\/5 - Q13-Q15 + Pause Ponder<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u093013. \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f 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\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u093014. \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> 2 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e: 1. \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 - \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 UV \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0927\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.5\u0964 2. \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e - \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0927\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e CO2 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 - \u092c\u0941\u0927 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938\u0964 N2 78% O2 21% \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e CO2 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u093015. \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u091c\u0941\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 - \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0964 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 1: \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2192 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u2192 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u2192 \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e \u2192 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u092e \u2192 \u092d\u0947\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u092e \u2192 \u091a\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0940 - \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0918\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e - \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 2: \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u2192 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2192 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e \u2192 \u091c\u0932-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u2192 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u2192 \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u091c\u0941\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Pause and Ponder \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 PDF \u0938\u0947:<\/b><br>\n- \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e? O2 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0947 O2 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e CO2 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0964<br>\n- \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092d\u0942-\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u0917\u090f \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e? \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e - \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0940 CO2 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e? \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u093e - \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 CO2 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0964<br>\n- \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u092a \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947? \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0927\u0941\u0902\u0927 - \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924: \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0923 Mission LiFE \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ex13-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/5 - Journey Beyond + \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 MCQ<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:2;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>The Journey Beyond \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 PDF \u092a\u0947\u091c 268:<\/b><br>\n- \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0922\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0922\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u094b \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e? \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0964<br>\n- \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0932 \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u092d\u0930 \u0907\u0921\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u091f\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0907\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e CO2 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 CO2 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n- IMD https:\/\/mausam.imd.gov.in \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0916\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u091c\u0942\u0928-\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0938\u093e\u0932 1980 \u0914\u0930 2020 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 >50mm \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0924 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0964<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 Chapter 13 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 Exercise \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e - \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e<br><br>\nThink It Over 4 + Activity 13.1 4 + Pause Ponder 5 + Revise Reflect 15 + Journey Beyond 3 = 31 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<br><br>\n\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f TOP 10 MCQ \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947:<br>\n1. \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915? 1.4kW\/m\u00b2<br>\n2. \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e? \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b 0.8-0.9<br>\n3. \u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908? 0-12km \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e 6.5\u00b0C\/km<br>\n4. \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 N2 O2? 78% 21%<br>\n5. \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902? CO2 CH4 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a - \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940<br>\n6. \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923? CFC \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915<br>\n7. \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902? \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940<br>\n8. \u091c\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e? \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940<br>\n9. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 CO2 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f 1960 \u0938\u0947? 315\u2192420ppm 35%<br>\n10. \u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e? \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0941\u091f\u0928 O2 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u093e\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#b71c1c;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"ex13p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"ex13i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#b71c1c;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 5<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"ex13n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=5;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('ex13-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('ex13i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('ex13n').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('ex13p').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-874-3\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-874-3-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-874-3-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"AG13\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:14px;background:#e3f2fd;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#0d47a1;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#0d47a1;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f - Chapter 13 Earth as System - \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"ag13-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/5 - Q1-Q5<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q1. \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\nA) 1.4 kW\/m\u00b2 B) 1.0 kW\/m\u00b2 C) 3.6 kW\/m\u00b2 D) 140 J<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) 1.4 kW\/m\u00b2 = 1400 J\/s\/m\u00b2<\/b> - \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e ~1 kW\/m\u00b2\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q2. \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0936 B) \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0936 C) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 D) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: B) \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b 0.80-0.90, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0940\u0932\u093e 0.50-0.70, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 ~0.06\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q3. \u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) 0-12km \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e B) 12-50km \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 C) 50-80km D) 100km<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) 0-12km - \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e - \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e 6.5\u00b0C\/km - \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q4. \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) 78% N2 21% O2 B) 21% N2 78% O2 C) 50-50 D) 90-10<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) N2 78%, O2 21% + \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928 CO2 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e CO2 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e N2 O2\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q5. \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923?<\/b><br>\nA) CO2 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 B) \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e C) \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 D) \u0915\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: B) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag13-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1565c0;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/5 - Q6-Q10<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q6. \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932?<\/b><br>\nA) CFC \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 B) CO2 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b C) \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 D) O2<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) CFC \u0930\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 - \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 CFC \u0915\u092e \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 CO2 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q7. \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 B) \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 C) \u0926\u094b\u092a\u0939\u0930 D) \u0938\u0941\u092c\u0939<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 - \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.8\u0915\u0964 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q8. \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940 B) \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940 C) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 D) \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940 - \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q9. \u0917\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\nA) \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0939 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e B) \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e C) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u091f \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0928\u0930\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0926\u0926 + \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q10. \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092d\u0942-\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e B) \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 C) \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 D) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: B) \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e - \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag13-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#2e7d32;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/5 - Q11-Q16<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q11. \u091c\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 C) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 D) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 + \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u2192 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932 \u2192 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0913\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u2192 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u0932 \u2192 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q12. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f 1960 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940?<\/b><br>\nA) 315\u2192420ppm 35% B) 100\u2192200 C) 10% D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) 315ppm 1960 \u0938\u0947 420ppm 2025 \u0915\u0940\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 35% \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092d\u0942\u0924\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 - \u0906\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964 71% \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 ~1%, \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ~49% \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q13. \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 5 \u091a\u0930\u0923?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 C) \u0926\u094b D) \u0924\u0940\u0928<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u094b\u092c\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0932\u0939\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0920 \u090f\u091c\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 N2\u2192NH3, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0938 NH3\u2192NO2- \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 NO2-\u2192NO3-, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e NH3, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0938 NO3-\u2192N2\u0964 \u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 1-2% \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q14. \u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0941\u091f\u0928 O2 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u093e B) \u0938\u093e\u092b \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 C) O2 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e D) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0941\u091f\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u093013.17 - \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q15. \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092e\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 AC \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e B) \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e C) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 D) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0924 - \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0908\u0902\u091f \u0921\u093e\u092e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e AC \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 - \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q16. 1m\u00b2 \u092a\u0930 1 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1kW\/m\u00b2 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) 3.6\u00d710\u2076J =1 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 =5kg \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e 100\u00b0C B) 100J C) 1J D) 0<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) E=\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u00d7\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u00d7\u0938\u092e\u092f=1000\u00d71\u00d73600=36 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag13-4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#ef6c00;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe0 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4\/5 - Q17-Q21<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q17. \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092c\u0941\u0927 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 B) \u092c\u0941\u0927 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 - \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e CO2 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964 Too little \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u2192 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, Too much CO2 \u2192 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q18. \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 30\u00b0 \u0914\u0930 60\u00b0 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/b><br>\nA) \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 30\u00b0 \u0909\u092a\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0924\u0940 60\u00b0 \u0909\u092a\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093e\u092c B) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 C) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 D) \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u2192 30\u00b0 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u2192 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 60\u00b0 \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u2192 90\u00b0 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u093e\u092c\u0964 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q19. \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u091d\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u092e \u092d\u0947\u0921\u093c \u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0940 B) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 C) \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 D) \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u2192 \u091c\u0932-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u2192 \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 - \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 - \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q20. \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0926\u0939\u0928 CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 B) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 C) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u0947\u091c D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0924\u0947\u091c \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 CO2\u2192\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u0927\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0928 CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0964 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0926\u092c \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO2 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0921\u0942\u092c \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q21. \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0939\u0928 O2 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 CO2 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0927\u0942\u092a \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 CO2 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c O2 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 C) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 D) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag13-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/5 - Q22-Q25 + \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0d47a1;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:2;height:560px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q22. \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 3 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f?<\/b><br>\nA) \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e CO2 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0935, \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0941\u091f\u0928 \u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 B) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 C) \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e D) \u0915\u092e<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e CO2 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 CO2 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 50 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0927\u0941\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 UV \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q23. \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e?<\/b><br>\nA) \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0923 B) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 C) \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e D) \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092b\u0932, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940, \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b 2021 \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q24. IITM \u092a\u0941\u0923\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092c\u094b\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 B) \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 C) \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 D) \u0939\u0935\u093e<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q25. \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u091a\u092a\u091f\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u094b?<\/b><br>\nA) \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 B) \u0935\u0939\u0940 C) \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e D) \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 Chapter 13<br><br>\n\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 1.4kW\/m\u00b2 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e=\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u00d7\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u00d7\u0938\u092e\u092f<br>\n\u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b 0.8-0.9 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 0.06<br>\n\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 0-12km 6.5\u00b0C\/km \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e, \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 12-50km \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 UV<br>\nN2 78% O2 21% \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 CO2 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940<br>\n\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 = \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940<br>\n\u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 CFC \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0920\u0940\u0915, CO2 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092b\u0932<br>\n\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0922\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0924\u0940<br>\n\u091c\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940, \u0917\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<br>\n\u091c\u0932 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 6 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 315\u2192420 35% 71% \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 1% \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 49% \u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 5 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u092c\u0930-\u092c\u0949\u0936 1-2% \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 O2 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e, \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932, 30\u00b0 \u0909\u092a\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a 60\u00b0 \u0909\u092a\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928<br>\n\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e 3 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#0d47a1;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"ag13p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"ag13i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#0d47a1;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 5<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"ag13n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=5;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('ag13-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('ag13i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('ag13n').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('ag13p').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 &#8211; \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8211; \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/6 &#8211; \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u092a\u0947\u091c 252 &#8211; \u0938\u094b\u091a\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0930\u093e &#8211; \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e? &#8211; \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e? &#8211; \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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