{"id":795,"date":"2026-10-04T16:45:03","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T16:45:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academic.pargaidefenceacademy.in\/Class-9th\/?p=795"},"modified":"2026-10-07T16:25:45","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T16:25:45","slug":"chapter-2-cell-the-building-block-of-life","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/academic.pargaidefenceacademy.in\/Class-9th\/2026\/10\/04\/chapter-2-cell-the-building-block-of-life\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2 | Cell: The Building Block of Life | \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e: \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 |"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-795\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-795-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-795-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-795-0-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"FILE1-CH2\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:3.5px solid #0f5e4b;border-radius:14px;background:#e6f4f1;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#0a5c4b;padding:8px 10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#0a3d33;padding:6px 18px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:13px;\">\ud83d\udcd8 Class 9 Science Ch2 - \u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \/ 4<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;min-height:500px;max-height:500px;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div id=\"c2-1\" style=\"display:block;height:100%;\"><div style=\"background:#0f8a6d;color:#fff;padding:5px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \/ 4 - \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #0f8a6d;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.9;max-height:420px;overflow-y:auto;\"><b>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/b><br>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\u0908\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e 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16px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 4<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c2n\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#0a5c4b;border:2px solid #fff;border-radius:25px;padding:7px 18px;font-weight:bold;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;touch-action:manipulation;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 \u2192<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script>\n(function(){var c=1,t=4;function s(n,e){if(e){e.preventDefault();e.stopPropagation();e.stopImmediatePropagation();}var y=window.scrollY;for(var i=1;i<=t;i++){var el=document.getElementById('c2-'+i);if(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');}document.getElementById('c2i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;c=n;window.scrollTo(0,y);return false;}var nn=document.getElementById('c2n'),pp=document.getElementById('c2p');nn.addEventListener('click',function(e){s(c+1>t?1:c+1,e);},{passive:false});pp.addEventListener('click',function(e){s(c-1<1?t:c-1,e);},{passive:false});nn.addEventListener('touchend',function(e){s(c+1>t?1:c+1,e);},{passive:false});pp.addEventListener('touchend',function(e){s(c-1<1?t:c-1,e);},{passive:false});})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-795-1\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-795-1-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-795-1-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH2-FULL-HINDI\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #004d40;border-radius:14px;background:#e0f2f1;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;text-align:center;padding:10px;font-weight:bold;font-size:15px;\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 2 - \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 - \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 - Cell: The Building Block of Life - \u092a\u0947\u091c 8-28 - \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px;\">\n\n<div id=\"c2f1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #004d40;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 1\/4 - \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u0947\u091c 8-9 Fig 2.1 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n<b>\u092a\u0947\u091c 8 - \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u091d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0917\u093e \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u091d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 3.5 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u091d\u0930\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/b><br>\n\u092c\u0940\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0916\u0928\u090a \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u091d\u0930\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 - \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 - \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e (\u090f\u0915\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947, \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940, \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0939\u093e, \u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0947\u092b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n<b>Think It Over \u0938\u094b\u091a\u094b:<\/b> \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0926\u0940? \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948? \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<br><br>\n<b>2.1 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902? \u092a\u0947\u091c 9 Fig 2.1 Fig 2.2 Activity 2.1:<\/b> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0902\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e 0.1 mm \u0939\u0948 25 cm \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 Fig 2.1\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u0964 \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0915 1665 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 200-300X \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947 cells \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 10X 40X\u0964 Fig 2.2 Microscope Eye piece Body tube Objective lens Stage Mirror Course Fine Handle Base\u0964 Activity 2.1 \u092a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 5 mm=5000 \u00b5m 25 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e 200 \u00b5m 10X\u00d710X=100X\u0964 Fig 2.4 Colocasia leaf stomata SEM\u0964 Fig 2.3 Electron microscope nanometre\u0964\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2f2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #004d40;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 2\/4 - \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0947\u091c 11-14 Fig 2.5 Fig 2.6 Fig 2.7 Fig 2.8 Fig 2.9 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n<b>2.2 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0947\u091c 11:<\/b> \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0964<br>\n<b>2.2.1 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0947\u091c 11:<\/b> \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964<br>\n<b>Activity 2.2 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 Fig 2.5:<\/b> \u0926\u094b \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u091c\u0928 Beaker A \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e Beaker B 20% \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e Initial Final\u0964 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 osmosis\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923 diffusion \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e Activities 7.8 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 7.9 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 8\u0964 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923\u0964<br>\n<b>Fig 2.6 Effect solutions:<\/b> Isotonic \u0938\u092e\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 extracellular=intracellular \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928, Hypotonic \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a extracellular<intracellular \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e, Hypertonic \u0905\u0924\u093f extracellular>intracellular \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0940\u091c 12 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<br>\n<b>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e 7-10 nm \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0915 Fig 2.7 Lipid bilayer Various proteins:<\/b> \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0924 water attracting heads outwards repelling tails inwards proteins \u0927\u0902\u0938\u0947 sideways flip rotate fluid gatekeepers mosaic\u0964<br>\n<b>Activity 2.3 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a Fig 2.8 Fig 2.9:<\/b> \u092a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c Rhoeo \u0938\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 Fig 2.8a, \u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0925\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 Fig 2.8b\u0964 20% \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e Fig 2.9a water b sugar, \u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n<b>2.2.2 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0947\u091c 13-14:<\/b> \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0964 Rhoeo \u092a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 plasmolysis\u0964 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u0930\u092b\u0947\u091c \u092a\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2f3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #004d40;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 3\/4 - \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0947\u091c 14-17 Fig 2.10 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n<b>2.3 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 Fig 2.10 Activity 2.4:<\/b> \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 organelles \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940\u0964 Fig 2.10 (a) bacterial Cell wall Appendage locomotion Nucleoid Genetic material Vacuole, (b) plant Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Vacuole Chloroplast Mitochondria Golgi ER Ribosome, (c) animal Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Golgi ER Ribosome Lysosome Vacuole\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940-\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 pro primitive karyon nucleus \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u092d, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 eu true\u0964<br>\n<b>Table 2.1:<\/b> Cell membrane Yes Yes Yes, Cell wall Yes Yes No, Cytoplasm Yes, Well-defined nucleus No Yes Yes, Primitive nucleoid Yes No No, Membrane-bound organelles No Yes Yes\u0964<br>\n<b>Table 2.2:<\/b> Primitive Present Absent, Diameter 1-10 \u00b5m vs 10-100 \u00b5m, Usually unicellular vs Can unicellular or multicellular, Organelles Absent Present, Nucleus Absent Present\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 starch calcium oxalate silica cell inclusions\u0964 Viruses viroids prions \u0905\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928\u0964<br>\n<b>2.3.1 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902? \u092a\u0947\u091c 16:<\/b> \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0964\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2f4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #004d40;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 4\/4 - \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u091c 16-20 Fig 2.11-2.14 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n<b>Nucleus \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 DNA:<\/b> \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e Nucleolus \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 DNA \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 46 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<br>\n<b>ER \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/b> Rough RER \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928, Smooth SER \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u091f\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964<br>\n<b>Ribosome \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092b\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940:<\/b> RER \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<br>\n<b>Golgi \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/b> ER \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u092a\u0948\u0915 vesicle \u0925\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f Lysosome \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<br>\n<b>Lysosome \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 suicidal bag:<\/b> \u092a\u093e\u091a\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0926 \u092d\u0940\u0964<br>\n<b>Mitochondria Powerhouse \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 ATP DNA \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>Plastid \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a Chloroplast \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 DNA, Chromoplast \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0928, Leucoplast \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>Vacuole \u0930\u0938\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f cell sap \u091f\u094b\u0928\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0908\u0964 Cell inclusions starch \u0924\u0947\u0932 calcium oxalate silica\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>2.4 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u092a\u0947\u091c 20-22:<\/b> Mitosis \u0938\u092e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 46 Onion root tip, Meiosis \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0940 23\u0964 Cell cycle Interphase DNA \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f M phase\u0964<br>\nAt a Glance \u092a\u0941\u0917\u093e \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908, \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 0.1 mm \u0939\u0941\u0915 1665 200-300X, \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 7-10 nm lipid bilayer \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0915, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0905\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0932\u0942, \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c \u0930\u092b\u0947\u091c, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 1-10 \u00b5m \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 10-100 \u00b5m, \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 ER \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0917\u0949\u0932\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0964<br>\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\u2705 \u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 - \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e - 4 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e - \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 - \u0926\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2705<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background:#004d40;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"btnPrev\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;\">\u2190 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"frameInfo\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#004d40;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 4<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"btnNext\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 \u2192<\/button>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var cur=1;\n  var total=4;\n  function show(n){\n    for(var i=1;i<=total;i++){\n      var el=document.getElementById('c2f'+i);\n      if(el) el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n    }\n    var info=document.getElementById('frameInfo');\n    if(info) info.textContent=n+' \/ '+total;\n    cur=n;\n  }\n  document.getElementById('btnNext').addEventListener('click', function(){\n    var next=cur+1;\n    if(next>total) next=1;\n    show(next);\n  });\n  document.getElementById('btnPrev').addEventListener('click', function(){\n    var prev=cur-1;\n    if(prev<1) prev=total;\n    show(prev);\n  });\n  show(1);\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-795-2\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-795-2-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-795-2-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH2-BHAG3-FULL\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:14px;background:#ffebee;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;text-align:center;padding:10px;font-weight:bold;font-size:15px;\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 2 - \u092d\u093e\u0917 3 - \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 - \u091a2 PDF \u0938\u0947 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 24-27 - Revise Reflect Refine - 16 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 - \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px;\">\n\n<div id=\"c2b3f1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 1\/4 - At a Glance \u0914\u0930 Q1-Q3 \u092a\u0947\u091c 24-25 Fig 2.20 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>At a Glance \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u091c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u091c 24 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n- \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u092d nucleoid \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940-\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940-\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u093f\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a, \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b DNA \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0917\u0949\u0932\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915, \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u092e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 Mitosis \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 Meiosis \u0926\u094b-\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Revise, Reflect, Refine - \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u091c 24-25<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q1. \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094b: \u092a\u0947\u091c 24 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e)<br>\n(ii) RER \u0914\u0930 SER (\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e)<br>\n(iii) \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0915)<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f - \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0915 7-10 nm Fig 2.7\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f - \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0930\u092b\u0947\u091c\u0964<br>\n(ii) RER Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0930\u0926\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964 SER Smooth - \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 Fig 2.13\u0964<br>\n(iii) \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 Chloroplast - \u0939\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e DNA \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0964 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915 Chromoplast - \u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092b\u0932 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q2. \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948: Cell X \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 Cell Y \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902\u0964 Cell X \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 Cell Y \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u092a\u0947\u091c 24-25 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 Cell Y \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940\u0964<br>\n(ii) \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 Cell X \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 Cell Y \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0964<br>\n(iii) \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 Cell X \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 Cell Y \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<br>\n(iv) \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0947\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> (iii) \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 Cell X \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 Cell Y \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0947\u091c 12 Fig 2.6 - Hypotonic \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 extracellular<intracellular \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e, Hypertonic \u0905\u0924\u093f extracellular>intracellular \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0964 Isotonic \u0938\u092e\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 = = \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964 Activity 2.2 \u0906\u0932\u0942 Beaker A \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e Beaker B 20% \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e Fig 2.5\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q3. Fig 2.20 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0964 (a) \u0938\u0947 (g) \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u094b: \u092a\u0947\u091c 25 Fig 2.20 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n(ii) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0964<br>\n(iii) \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n(iv) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n(v) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n(vi) ER \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0948\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n(vii) \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\nFig 2.20: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) - Plant cell diagram<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b><br>\n(a) Nucleus \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 - (i) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 DNA \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e 46 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e Nucleolus \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 Fig 2.11<br>\n(b) Mitochondria \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e - (ii) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 Powerhouse \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 ATP \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e DNA Fig 2.14<br>\n(c) Vacuole \u0930\u0938\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 - (iii) \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e cell sap \u091f\u094b\u0928\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0908<br>\n(d) Chloroplast \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 - (vii) \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e DNA<br>\n(e) Cell membrane \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 - (iv) \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 7-10 nm lipid bilayer \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0915 Fig 2.7<br>\n(f) Cell wall \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f - (v) \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0930\u092b\u0947\u091c<br>\n(g) Golgi apparatus \u0917\u0949\u0932\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 - (vi) ER \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 vesicle \u0925\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u0918\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 Fig 2.13 1898 Camillo Golgi barn owl nerve cells thread-like network electron microscope confirmed\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2b3f2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 2\/4 - Q4 \u0938\u0947 Q8 \u092a\u0947\u091c 25-26 Fig 2.21 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 Fig 2.22 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q4. \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u092a\u0947\u091c 25 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br>\nOption Present in the plant cells Absent in the animal cells<br>\n(i) Leucoplast Cell wall<br>\n(ii) Mitochondria Ribosome<br>\n(iii) Cell wall Golgi apparatus<br>\n(iv) Lysosome Endoplasmic reticulum<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> (i) Leucoplast \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0932\u0942 Colocasia \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, Cell wall \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 - \u0938\u0939\u0940\u0964<br>\n(ii) Mitochondria \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926, Ribosome \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 - \u0917\u0932\u0924\u0964<br>\n(iii) Cell wall \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 Golgi \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 - \u0917\u0932\u0924 Golgi \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br>\n(iv) Lysosome \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 ER \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 - \u0917\u0932\u0924\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0939\u0940 (i)\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q5. \u0926\u094b \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0930\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u091c 25<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b> \u0930\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0932\u0924\u0964 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917\u0964 \u091c\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 Chloroplast \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915 Leucoplast \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 - \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a, Colocasia \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u092b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915 Chromoplast \u092a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q6. \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u091c 25<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e - \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e DNA \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 - \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0924\u0930\u0932, \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e DNA\u0964 Fig 2.14 Mitochondrion Outer membrane Inner membrane Intermembrane space Cristae Ribosomes DNA, Fig 2.15 Chloroplast Stroma Ribosomes Inner Outer membrane DNA disc membrane chlorophyll\u0964<br>\n\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e - Mitochondria Powerhouse \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c ATP \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902, Cristae \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 Chloroplast \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e Stroma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f - \u090f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q7. \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 DNA \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u092a\u0947\u091c 25<\/b><br>\n(i) Chloroplasts, Ribosomes (ii) Mitochondria, Nucleus (iii) Golgi bodies, Ribosomes (iv) Nucleus, Lysosomes<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> (ii) Mitochondria, Nucleus - \u0914\u0930 Chloroplast \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 DNA \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e DNA \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e DNA \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e\u0964 Ribosome Golgi Lysosome \u092e\u0947\u0902 DNA \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q8. \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u0932\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0940 Fig 2.21\u0964 24 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964 (i) \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? (ii) \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0947? (iii) \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u0915\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u092c\u0921\u093c \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u092a\u0947\u091c 26 Fig 2.21 Experimental set-up having carrot (a) in plain water and (b) in salt solution<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n(i) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e - \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 Osmosis \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 Fig 2.6 Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic\u0964<br>\n(ii) \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 - \u0926\u094b \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 Pause and Ponder \u092a\u0947\u091c 14 Q3 - \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u0908 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924, \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0964<br>\n(iii) \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 Hypotonic extracellular < intracellular \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0930\u0938\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0941\u0930\u0915\u0941\u0930\u0940 Vacuole stores water minerals pressure firm \u092a\u0947\u091c 19\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0915 Hypertonic extracellular > intracellular \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0938\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092e\u0941\u0930\u091d\u093e\u0908 wilted \u0930\u092c\u0921\u093c \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940\u0964 Activity 2.2 \u0906\u0932\u0942 Beaker A \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e Beaker B \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0930\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2b3f3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 3\/4 - Q9 \u0938\u0947 Q13 \u092a\u0947\u091c 26 Fig 2.22 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q9. \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0913: \u092a\u0947\u091c 26<\/b><br>\nStructures in a cell - Chromosome, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi complex, Chromoplasts<br>\nBacterial cell - Animal cell - Table<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b><br>\nChromosome - Bacterial Present (single circular DNA nucleoid), Animal Present (46 chromosomes nucleus \u092e\u0947\u0902 DNA protein)<br>\nNucleus - Bacterial Absent (primitive nucleoid no membrane), Animal Present (well-defined double-layered nuclear membrane pores nucleolus chromatin Fig 2.11)<br>\nMitochondria - Bacterial Absent (no membrane-bound organelles - prokaryotic 1-10 \u00b5m), Animal Present (powerhouse double membrane cristae ATP Fig 2.14)<br>\nGolgi complex - Bacterial Absent, Animal Present (packaging shipping centres stacks flattened sac-like vesicles Fig 2.13)<br>\nChromoplasts - Bacterial Absent, Animal Absent (chromoplast only plant flower fruit yellow orange red attraction pollination seed dispersal)\u0964<br>\nTable 2.1 Table 2.2 - Prokaryotic primitive nucleoid Present, Eukaryotic Absent, Membrane-bound organelles Absent Present\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q10. \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u094b: \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0926\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a \u0909\u092c\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u094b Fig 2.22\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u094b: (a) Cup A \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u094b\u0964 (b) Cup B \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u094d\u092e\u091a \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0964 (c) Cup C \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u094d\u092e\u091a \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0964 (d) \u0909\u092c\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Cup D \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u094d\u092e\u091a \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0916\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u094b: (i) Cup B \u0914\u0930 Cup C \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0915\u091f\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? (ii) \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Cup A \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948? (iii) Cup A \u0914\u0930 D \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0915\u091f\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e? \u092a\u0947\u091c 26 Fig 2.22 Experimental set-up - A Empty, B Sugar, C Salt, D Boiled Potato Sugar<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n(i) Cup B \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 C \u0928\u092e\u0915 - \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 Hypotonic \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 Hypertonic \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 - \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 - Osmosis \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0928\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0964<br>\n(ii) Cup A \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 Control - \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u091f\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f - \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n(iii) Cup A \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0907\u0915\u091f\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0964 Cup D \u0909\u092c\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 - \u0909\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0907\u0915\u091f\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 Activity 2.2 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q11. \u0909\u0938 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u094b \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u091c 26<\/b><br>\n(i) Ribosome \u2014 Protein synthesis<br>\n(ii) SER \u2014 Lipid and cellulose synthesis<br>\n(iii) Lysosome \u2014 Digestion of foreign agents<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> (ii) SER \u2014 Lipid and cellulose synthesis \u0917\u0932\u0924 - SER \u0935\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c Golgi? Actually cellulose synthesis? \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 - Cellulose synthesis? \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c Golgi \u0938\u0947? \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 SER \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 lipid\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f (ii) \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 (i) Ribosome \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092b\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0914\u0930 RER \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940\u0964 (iii) Lysosome clean-up system single membrane sac enzymes waste damaged organelles foreign agents \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e suicidal bag \u0938\u0939\u0940\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q12. \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b? \u092a\u0947\u091c 26<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e Powerhouse ATP \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0917\u0940, \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0940, \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e DNA \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q13. \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948? \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0913\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u091c 26<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Contact inhibition \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 - \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u0947\u091c 23 2.5.1 Do cells grow and reproduce forever? \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0928 \u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 Plant cells rigid cell wall contact inhibition \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0964<br>\nProgrammed Cell Death PCD \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0902\u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\n\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930? \u0939\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 crown gall disease? Agrobacterium tumefaciens \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 - \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f contact inhibition \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0964 Fig 3.20 Chapter 3 crown gall\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u0917\u0964\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2b3f4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #b71c1c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 4\/4 - Q14 Q15 Q16 \u0914\u0930 The Journey Beyond \u092a\u0947\u091c 27 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q14. \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u0907\u0928 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u091c 27<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 - RER Rough ER \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0932\u0917\u0947, SER Smooth ER \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u0935\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, Golgi apparatus \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 - RER \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 -> ER \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 -> vesicle \u0925\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Golgi \u0915\u094b -> Golgi modifies sorts packages vesicle \u092e\u0947\u0902 -> Plasma membrane \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 Fig 2.13 Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus pathway for protein processing and secretion Ribosome RER SER Golgi Vesicles Plasma membrane\u0964 Fluid-mosaic model Lipid bilayer Various types proteins Fig 2.7\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0924 water attracting heads outwards repelling tails inwards \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 gatekeepers\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q15. \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 gametes \u0938\u092e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 mitotic divisions \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e? \u092a\u0947\u091c 27<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930:<\/b> \u0938\u092e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 Mitosis \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 DNA 46 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u0928 Fig 2.18\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 Meiosis \u091c\u0928\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b-\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0927\u0940 23 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 Fig 2.19\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 Mitosis \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b 46 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 46+46=92 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u091d\u092a\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u092a\u093e\u0924 early pregnancy loss reduced fertility \u092a\u0947\u091c 22 Bridging Science and Society Errors in mitosis uncontrolled divisions tumours abnormal chromosomes, Errors in meiosis genetic disorders developmental problems distinctive features\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f Meiosis \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Q16. \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0940\u092a\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0935\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u0941\u0936 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0940\u0964 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0935\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u092c\u0924\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u0941\u0930\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u092c\u0924 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u092e\u0915, \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0921\u093c \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0924\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u092f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u094b: (i) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948? (ii) \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? (iii) \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0913\u0964 (iv) \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u092a\u0947\u091c 27<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926:<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e - \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 Osmosis \u0914\u0930 Hypertonic \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 - \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 Activity 2.2 \u0906\u0932\u0942 Beaker B 20% \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e, Fig 2.6 Hypertonic solution\u0964<br>\n(ii) \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 Hypertonic \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e extracellular > intracellular \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0932\u093f\u0924 dehydrated \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\n(iii) \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0916\u093e - \u0906\u0902\u0935\u0932\u093e \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0936\u0939\u0926 \u0906\u0902\u0935\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0930\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0936\u0930\u092c\u0924 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0930\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0906\u092e \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0938\u093e\u0932\u093e - \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092c\u094b\u0924\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0927\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\n(iv) \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f - \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e Osmosis \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>The Journey Beyond \u092a\u0947\u091c 27:<\/b><br>\n- Use selected software or digital tools to create animations or simulations of cell division and share them in the class\u0964<br>\n- Create a model of any type of a \u2018synthetic cell\u2019 using low-cost eco-friendly material\u0964<br>\n- Build a mitosis or meiosis model with your classmates for your science project or exhibition\u0964 How did teamwork contribute to success? Did activity change perspective? If so explain?<br>\n- Develop a nukkad natak for community awareness in simple dialogues about different functions of cell organelles\u0964<br>\n<b>The Quest Continues\u2026 What is the future of the development of synthetic cells using non-living chemicals? If a synthetic cell is developed, what may be the related ethical issues?<\/b> \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947? Threads of Curiosity \u092a\u0947\u091c 20 J. Craig Venter 2010 synthetic biology Mycoplasma mycoides complete DNA computer programming chemically synthesised exact copy another bacterium DNA removed cytoplasm membrane intact synthetic DNA inserted cell started grow divide instructions DNA controls structure activities cell - Only DNA synthetic other parts from existing living cell - not completely new from scratch\u0964 Ethical \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947 - \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928, \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 \u092a\u093e\u0920 2 - \u092d\u093e\u0917 3 - \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 24-27 - \u0938\u092d\u0940 16 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 - Fig 2.20 (a)-(g) Fig 2.21 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 Fig 2.22 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a A B C D - \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e - \u0917\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926 - \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 - \u091a2 PDF \u0938\u0947 - \u0926\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2705<br>\nQ1 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f RER SER \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940, Q2 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 Cell X \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e Cell Y \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e, Q3 Fig 2.20 Nucleus Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Membrane Wall Golgi, Q4 Leucoplast Cell wall, Q5 \u0930\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0930\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0915, Q6 Mitochondria Chloroplast \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 DNA \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 Powerhouse vs \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, Q7 Mitochondria Nucleus DNA, Q8 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u0915\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u092c\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0902\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0940, Q9 Chromosome Nucleus Mitochondria Golgi Chromoplast Bacterial Animal, Q10 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a Osmosis A \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 D \u0909\u092c\u0932\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924, Q11 SER Lipid cellulose \u0917\u0932\u0924, Q12 Mitochondria \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941, Q13 Contact inhibition \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092d\u0940 crown gall, Q14 RER SER Golgi Vesicle Membrane \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, Q15 Gametes Mitosis \u0938\u0947 92 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f, Q16 \u0926\u0940\u092a\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0935\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u092c\u0924 Osmosis Hypertonic\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background:#b71c1c;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c2b3p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;\">\u2190 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"c2b3i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#b71c1c;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 4<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c2b3n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 \u2192<\/button>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<script>(function(){var c=1,t=4;function s(n){for(var i=1;i<=t;i++){var e=document.getElementById('c2b3f'+i);if(e)e.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');}var inf=document.getElementById('c2b3i'); if(inf) inf.textContent=n+' \/ '+t; c=n;} document.getElementById('c2b3n').addEventListener('click', function(){var n=c+1; if(n>t) n=1; s(n);}); document.getElementById('c2b3p').addEventListener('click', function(){var n=c-1; if(n<1) n=t; s(n);}); s(1);})();<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-795-3\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-795-3-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-795-3-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH2-BHAG4-FULL\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #4a148c;border-radius:14px;background:#f3e5f5;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#4a148c;color:#fff;text-align:center;padding:10px;font-weight:bold;font-size:15px;\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 4 - \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 - \u092a\u093e\u0920 2 - MCQ 25 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 ans \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 - CH2 PDF \u0938\u0947 - \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/div>\n<div style=\"padding:10px;\">\n\n<div id=\"c2b4f1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #4a148c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 1\/4 - MCQ 1-7 - \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u092a\u0947\u091c 8-13 - \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 ans \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 1. \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0917\u093e \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 - \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u0928? \u092a\u0947\u091c 8<\/b><br>\nA) \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u091d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 - \u0932\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0916 \u092a\u0941\u0917\u093e \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 3.5 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 B) \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f C) Birbal Sahni Institute Lucknow \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: \u092a\u0941\u0917\u093e = \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e + \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091f + \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932 = \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u090f\u0915\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 2. \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 - \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 - \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923? \u092a\u0947\u091c 9<\/b><br>\nA) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090a\u0924\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0939\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u0947\u092b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 B) \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 - \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f? \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941? C) \u090f\u0915\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e > \u090a\u0924\u0915 > \u0905\u0902\u0917 > \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 > \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0964 Think It Over 4 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 - \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940? \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0916 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928? \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908? \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947?<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 3. 2.1 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947? \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0915? \u092a\u0947\u091c 9-10 Fig 2.1 Fig 2.2 Activity 2.1<\/b><br>\nA) \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e limit of resolution 0.1 mm 25 cm \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 0.1 mm \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 - \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 Fig 2.1 B) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 Fig 2.1, \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0915 1665 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 200-300X \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947 cells \u0928\u093e\u092e C) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 10X 40X, \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u00d7 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 10\u00d710=100X, Fig 2.2 Eye piece Body tube Objective lens Stage Mirror Course Fine Handle Base D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Fig 2.1 Size visibility Unaided Light Electron - 1 km Human height Rocket Chicken egg Fish egg Most plant animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Ribosomes Viruses Proteins Lipids Small molecules Atoms 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 \u00b5m 10 \u00b5m 1 \u00b5m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm - Amoeba Neem Tree Great Indian Bustard\u0964 Activity 2.1 \u092a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 5 mm=5000 \u00b5m 25 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e 200 \u00b5m\u0964 Electron microscope Fig 2.3 beam electrons nanometre one-billionth remarkable clarity\u0964 Fig 2.4 Colocasia leaf stomata SEM\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 4. Activity 2.2 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923 Fig 2.5 Fig 2.6 \u092a\u0947\u091c 11-12<\/b><br>\nA) Beaker A \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e, Beaker B 20% \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093e Fig 2.5 Initial Final Experimental set-up B) \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 - \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0947\u092f \u0924\u0928\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0947\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0924\u0915 - \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923 Osmosis \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u0923 Diffusion \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 - Activities 7.8 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 7.9 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 8 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e concentration gradient C) \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u0942\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0940\u091c 12 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Isotonic \u0938\u092e\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 extracellular=intracellular \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928, Hypotonic \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a extracellular<intracellular \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0928\u093e, Hypertonic \u0905\u0924\u093f extracellular>intracellular \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e Fig 2.6 solution solution solution\u0964 What if mung bean seeds concentrated after soaking? - \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 5. \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e Fluid-mosaic model Fig 2.7 \u092a\u0947\u091c 12<\/b><br>\nA) 7-10 nm 0.000001 mm \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0921 \u0935\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 B) Lipid bilayer \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 water attracting heads outwards repelling tails inwards proteins embedded C) Molecules sideways flip rotate fluid, Proteins gatekeepers \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u0926, Tiles mosaic \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f mosaic D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Lipid bilayer Various types proteins Fig 2.7 - \u0924\u0930\u0932 = \u092b\u093f\u0938\u0932 \u092a\u0932\u091f \u0918\u0942\u092e, \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0915 = \u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e?<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 6. Activity 2.3 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0947\u091c 13-14 Fig 2.8 Fig 2.9<\/b><br>\nA) \u092a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c Rhoeo \u0938\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 Fig 2.8a, \u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0942\u0925\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0925\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 Fig 2.8b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902? B) 20% \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e Fig 2.9a water b sugar plasmolysis, \u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e C) \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c, \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923, Rhoeo \u092a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0916\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930, \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0942\u0932\u094b\u091c \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0908 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0930\u092b\u0947\u091c \u092a\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u092e\u0926\u0926, \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0964 Pause and Ponder 3 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 - \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 vs \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0932 \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e? \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923? - \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 7. 2.3 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0914\u0930 Fig 2.10 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 \u092a\u0947\u091c 14-15<\/b><br>\nA) \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 - \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0924\u0930\u0932 \u091c\u0947\u0932\u0940, \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 - \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 organelles \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 B) Fig 2.10 (a) bacterial Cell wall Appendage locomotion \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0917 Nucleoid Genetic material Vacuole, (b) plant Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Vacuole \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 Chloroplast Mitochondria Golgi ER Ribosome, (c) animal Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Mitochondria Golgi ER Ribosome Lysosome Vacuole \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 C) \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940-\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 pro primitive karyon nucleus \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u092d \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 eu true D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Table 2.1 6 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e Bacterial Plant Animal - Membrane Yes Yes Yes, Wall Yes Yes No, Cytoplasm Yes Yes Yes, Well-defined No Yes Yes, Primitive nucleoid Yes No No, Membrane-bound organelles No Yes Yes\u0964 Table 2.2 - Primitive Present Absent, Diameter 1-10 \u00b5m vs 10-100 \u00b5m, Usually unicellular vs Can unicellular or multicellular, Organelles Absent Present, Nucleus Absent Present\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0939\u0940, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 starch calcium oxalate silica cell inclusions\u0964 Viruses viroids prions \u0905\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/b>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2b4f2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #4a148c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 2\/4 - MCQ 8-14 - \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0947\u091c 16-19 Fig 2.11-2.15 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 8. 2.3.1 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f? \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? Fig 2.11 Fig 2.12 \u092a\u0947\u091c 16-17<\/b><br>\nA) \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u092e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e B) Nucleus \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930 double-layered covering nuclear membrane pores transfer nucleus cytoplasm, nucleolus dense round ribosomal subunits synthesis exit cytoplasm large small assemble ribosome Fig 2.11 Structure nucleus Nuclear pore Double-layered membrane Chromatin Nucleolus, Chromosomes rod-shaped only when divide DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid inheritance DNA protein functional segments genes, non-dividing chromatin entangled thread-like divide organised chromosomes Fig 2.12 From cell to DNA Nucleus Chromatin Chromosome DNA C) RBC mature enucleate nucleus \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 haemoglobin \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 transport \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 repair divide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 lifespan 120 days short, Prokaryotic single circular DNA proteins nucleoid D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: RBC \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 - \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902? \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u0917\u0939\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 9. Ribosome \u0914\u0930 ER Golgi Lysosome - Fig 2.13 \u092a\u0947\u091c 17-18<\/b><br>\nA) Ribosome tiny freely cytoplasm or attached ER protein factories protein synthesis B) ER large network cytoplasm continuous outer membrane nuclear envelope manufacturing factory synthesis transport proteins fats lipids some hormones specialized, RER rough ribosomes attached rough electron microscope protein synthesis secretion gland pancreatic, SER smooth no ribosomes smooth synthesis storage fats hormones Fig 2.13 ER Golgi pathway protein processing secretion C) Golgi stacks flattened sac-like Fig 2.10b c functionally linked ER membrane other organelles post office modifies sorts packages proteins lipids vesicles transport secretion lysosome formation, 1898 Camillo Golgi barn owl nerve cells thread-like network special staining early microscopes doubted electron confirmed named honour D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: ER = Manufacturing factory, Ribosome = Protein factories, Golgi = Packaging shipping post office, Lysosome = Clean-up system\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 10. Lysosome clean-up \u0914\u0930 Mitochondria Powerhouse Fig 2.14 \u092a\u0947\u091c 18<\/b><br>\nA) Lysosome single membrane sac enzymes break down unwanted proteins carbohydrates fats damaged worn-out organelles - waste accumulating prevent? Products breakdown released cytoplasm reused, Threads of Curiosity Human sperm lysosomal enzymes break outer layer egg fertilisation Chapter 11 B) Mitochondria often called powerhouses supply energy most activities Fig 2.14 Structure mitochondrion Outer membrane smooth porous Inner membrane folded finger-like projections cristae increase surface area chemical reactions energy production, glucose molecules broken release energy cellular respiration energy stored Adenosine Triphosphate ATP energy currency most activities C) Both have own DNA ribosomes make some proteins D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Lysosome = \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0948\u0932\u0940 suicidal bag - \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u091a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0964 Mitochondria = Powerhouse \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 11. Plastid \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 Vacuole \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0947\u091c 19 Fig 2.15<\/b><br>\nA) Mitochondria energy food \u0938\u0947 animals surroundings \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 plants synthesise sunlight plastids food synthesis storage, photosynthesis green pigment chlorophyll chloroplast double-membrane like mitochondria stroma semi-fluid disc-shaped membrane chlorophyll Light energy absorbed sugars stored stroma starch granules, Mitochondria plastids similar bacteria own DNA ribosomes make some proteins evolutionary history single-celled B) Other plastids pigments other than green? Flowers fruits vegetables varied colours? Chromoplast chroma colour pigments yellow orange red bright colours attracting pollinators fruit-eating animals seed dispersal, Leucoplast leukos white colourless store food starch oils proteins potato taro Colocasia C) Vacuole storage support - mature plant one large central vacuole single selectively permeable membrane watery fluid cell sap stores water minerals sugars waste pressure firm wilted when not enough water loses water less firm, animal vacuoles sometimes present not large temporary storage D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Plastid \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 Chloroplast \u0939\u0930\u093e \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928, Chromoplast \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923, Leucoplast \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964 Vacuole \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c, \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0964 Pause and Ponder Q4 white flowers pigment? Reason? Q5 Draw well-labelled schematic clues Nucleus dark round, ER network extended nuclear envelope, Mitochondria chloroplasts rod shaped Fig 2.10\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 12. \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947? Activity 2.5 \u0914\u0930 Fig 2.16 Fig 2.17 \u092a\u0947\u091c 20-21<\/b><br>\nA) Cut skin heals few days hair fall new grow back - cells grow divide replace old dead damaged, not just bigger up to certain size divide new, study onion root tips Fig 2.16 Growing roots onion jar water Activity 2.5 jar plain water onion bulb base roots immersed 5-6 days observe roots growing Cut 2-3 cm freshly grown roots aceto-alcohol glacial acetic acid:ethanol 1:3 24 hours 70% ethanol preservation wash water clean slide drop dilute HCl soften tissue Rinse 10-15 min 2-3 drops aceto-carmine stain Leave 5-10 min gently warm spirit lamp Cut tip coverslip gently squash thumb spread cells observe microscope B) Onion root tip cells divide continuously cell division Fig 2.17 Different stages onion root tip cells different structures corresponding different stages - identify first? Hundreds billions cells body replaced almost 1% total, Both prokaryotic eukaryotic divide but eukaryotic more controlled orderly cell cycle higher grades C) Threads of Curiosity 2010 J Craig Venter synthetic biology Mycoplasma mycoides complete DNA sequence computer programming chemically synthesised exact copy another bacterium DNA removed cytoplasm membrane intact synthetic DNA inserted cell grow divide instructions DNA controls structure activities - Only DNA synthetic other parts from existing not completely new from scratch D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Cell division = Onion root tip\u0964 Venter = Only DNA synthetic\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 13. 2.4.1 Cell division Mitosis \u0914\u0930 Meiosis Fig 2.18 Fig 2.19 \u092a\u0947\u091c 21-22<\/b><br>\nA) Cell division new cells pre-existing cells growth repair damaged tissues reproduce Some cells skin divide continuously replace lost regularly Two major types mitosis meiosis Mitosis normal growth repair maintenance asexual reproduction, Meiosis sexual reproduction creation genetic diversity B) Mitosis Every human begins single fertilised egg one cell divides repeatedly trillions cells body increase number most common Fig 2.18 Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells one parent same DNA same chromosomes maintained across body cells Fig 2.18 Mitosis two identical daughter cells Next Level Up C) Meiosis gametes occurs only cells reproductive organs variations diversity children resemble parents not exactly same In animals including humans testes males sperm ovaries females eggs In plants anthers male pollen grains later sperm cells ovaries female egg cells Meiosis parent divides twice one after other four daughter cells Fig 2.19 During first division two daughter cells number chromosomes reduced half Second division similar mitosis each daughter divides two four daughter cells half chromosomes each gamete half DNA parent During fertilisation gametes two individuals combine original chromosome number restored Chapter 11 Cell culture methods grow plant animal cells outside body special conditions nutrient-rich medium grow multiply right temperature acidic alkaline moisture sterile crucial studying cells biochemicals food medicines vaccines D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Mitosis = 1 \u0938\u0947 2 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 46, Meiosis = 1 \u0938\u0947 4 \u0906\u0927\u0940 23, Fertilisation = 23+23=46 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 14. Bridging Science and Society Errors mitosis meiosis \u0914\u0930 Pause and Ponder Q6 Q7 \u092a\u0947\u091c 22<\/b><br>\nA) Mitosis meiosis proper controlled What if not properly? Errors mitosis uncontrolled divisions tumours abnormal chromosomes body cells, Errors meiosis genetic disorders developmental problems distinctive physical features Faulty meiosis early pregnancy loss reduced fertility B) Meet a Scientist Arun Kumar Sharma famous Indian scientist chromosomes botanist plant taxonomy evolution development invented many lab methods study chromosomes plants Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award Padma Bhushan C) Pause and Ponder Q6 Instead many small ones why cell not have single giant mitochondrion? How relate surface area? Q7 If skin cells start dividing meiosis instead mitosis what happen cut on skin? D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q6 Answer - Many small mitochondria more surface area cristae more ATP efficient - single giant less surface area diffusion slow\u0964 Q7 Answer - Meiosis half chromosomes skin repair not identical weak skin cut not heal properly abnormal chromosomes\u0964<\/b>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2b4f3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #4a148c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 3\/4 - MCQ 15-20 - Cell Theory \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 Q1-Q8 \u092a\u0947\u091c 23-26 Fig 2.20 Fig 2.21 Fig 2.22 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 15. 2.5 Cell Theory Unifying Principle \u0914\u0930 2.5.1 Do cells grow forever? \u092a\u0947\u091c 23<\/b><br>\nA) All living organisms made up cells 1838 Matthias Schleiden botanist all plants cells 1839 Theodor Schwann zoologist all animals cells 1855 Rudolf Virchow new cells only pre-existing cells Together Cell Theory classical All living one or more cells, cell basic unit structure function, all cells arise pre-existing cells Unifies all biology bacteria humans continuity cell division B) Cells grow divide controlled way right place functions eventually die no longer needed Dead replaced new same function definite life span If not die when should or die too early problems Many animal cells division stops when contact neighbouring cells contact inhibition Cancer cells lose control keep dividing uncontrollably tumours Plant cells rigid walls no contact inhibition different pattern C) Even though tiny remarkable functions produce energy synthesise secrete substances divide form new cells work together proper functioning body Every living tiny bacterium giant tree made up cells You are products tiny hardworking cells D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Schleiden 1838 plants, Schwann 1839 animals, Virchow 1855 pre-existing\u0964 Contact inhibition = animal cells stop when contact, cancer loses, plant rigid walls no inhibition\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 16. Ready to Go Beyond PCD \u0914\u0930 Cancer \u0914\u0930 Haberlandt totipotency \u092a\u0947\u091c 23<\/b><br>\nA) How cells monitor growth balance? Natural ways dying balance Programmed Cell Death PCD genetically regulated organised selective destruction essential normal development quality control immune When embryo develops PCD helps form fingers eliminating cells between digits without webbed hands Explore ways maintain B) Cancer Normal cells grow age die controlled Sometimes breaks down abnormal cells growing dividing uncontrollably tumours benign malignant Cancerous invade nearby tissues spread other parts new tumours Threads Curiosity C) Meet a Scientist 1902 Austrian botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt proposed any living plant cell even fully mature permanent tissue can develop complete plant if provided suitable nutrients favourable conditions suggested plant cells ability form different types change them special ability totipotency Haberlandt foundation new branch Plant Tissue Culture Technology D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: PCD = \u0909\u0902\u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, Cancer = benign malignant spread, Haberlandt 1902 totipotency any living plant cell complete plant nutrients favourable - Plant Tissue Culture Technology\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 17. At a Glance \u0914\u0930 Q1 Differentiate \u092a\u0947\u091c 24<\/b><br>\nA) At a Glance - cell basic unit, prokaryotic no well-defined nucleus nucleoid no membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotic larger complex well-defined nucleus several membrane-bound organelles, all surrounded membrane plants fungi bacteria wall outside, nucleus chromosomes DNA proteins genetic information, cytoplasm several organelles specific function, Important organelles nucleus ER mitochondria golgi ribosomes lysosomes, Plant plastids chloroplasts leucoplasts chromoplasts, Mitosis two identical parent, Meiosis two-step four half chromosomes, Normal controlled perform die naturally cancer lose uncontrollably tumours B) Q1 Differentiate (i) Cell membrane permeability selective vs cell wall permeable water minerals cellulose rigid, (ii) RER structure rough ribosomes attached protein synthesis vs SER smooth no ribosomes lipid hormone synthesis Fig 2.13, (iii) Chloroplasts pigments green chlorophyll photosynthesis vs chromoplasts yellow orange red attraction C) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>Ans: C \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: At a Glance 11 points \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0964 Q1 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 18. Q2 Cell X pure water swells Cell Y concentrated salt shrinks \u0914\u0930 Q3 Fig 2.20 (a)-(g) matching \u092a\u0947\u091c 24-25<\/b><br>\nA) Q2 Answer (iii) Water moved into Cell X and moved out of Cell Y through cell membrane - Reason Hypotonic extracellular<intracellular water inside swells, Hypertonic extracellular>intracellular water outside shrinks Fig 2.6, Salt molecules not move selective, Activity 2.2 potato Beaker A swells Beaker B shrinks Fig 2.5 B) Q3 Fig 2.20 (a) Nucleus controlling all activities, (b) Mitochondria site cellular respiration Powerhouse ATP, (c) Vacuole storage organelle rigidity cell sap, (d) Chloroplast manufacturing food photosynthesis, (e) Cell membrane separates contents surroundings selective 7-10 nm, (f) Cell wall structural rigidity cellulose, (g) Golgi packs stores materials ER vesicles C) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>Ans: C \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q2 (i) Salt moved into Y shrink \u0917\u0932\u0924 - salt \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, (ii) Water moved into X and more water moved out of Y than salt entered \u0917\u0932\u0924, (iv) Solute movement osmosis both \u0917\u0932\u0924 - osmosis water \u0915\u093e\u0964 Q3 matching \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 19. Q4 Correct pairs \u0914\u0930 Q5 Renu Rohit plastids \u0914\u0930 Q6 Mitochondria Chloroplast similar different \u092a\u0947\u091c 25<\/b><br>\nA) Q4 (i) Leucoplast Cell wall - Leucoplast only plant storage potato Colocasia starch oils proteins, Cell wall plant present animal absent - Correct, (ii) Mitochondria Ribosome both present wrong, (iii) Cell wall Golgi both present? Cell wall only plant but Golgi both wrong, (iv) Lysosome ER both? Lysosome animal more plant less but ER both wrong - So answer (i) B) Q5 Renu all parts even roots contain plastids, Rohit roots underground no photosynthesis no plastids - Renu partially correct Rohit wrong - Roots have Leucoplast starch storage not Chloroplast, Plastids three types Chloroplast green food, Chromoplast coloured attraction, Leucoplast white storage all parts somewhere C) Q6 Similar both double-membrane own DNA ribosomes make some proteins evolutionary history bacteria, Different Mitochondria Powerhouse respiration glucose breakdown ATP energy currency all eukaryotic Cristae, Chloroplast only plant photosynthesis chlorophyll sunlight sugars starch Stroma disc membrane D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q4 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0964 Q5 roots Leucoplast\u0964 Q6 Fig 2.14 Outer Inner Intermembrane space Cristae Ribosomes DNA, Fig 2.15 Stroma Ribosomes Inner Outer DNA\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 20. Q7 DNA pairs \u0914\u0930 Q8 Carrot experiment Fig 2.21 \u092a\u0947\u091c 25-26<\/b><br>\nA) Q7 Which pairs contains DNA? (i) Chloroplasts Ribosomes - Ribosomes no DNA, (ii) Mitochondria Nucleus - Both DNA correct and Chloroplast also DNA, (iii) Golgi Ribosomes no DNA, (iv) Nucleus Lysosomes Lysosomes no DNA - So answer (ii) B) Q8 Two carrots similar size plain water concentrated salt Fig 2.21 (i) Hypothesis osmosis selective permeable membrane water low concentration to high, (ii) Improvement equal size initial weight measure important Pause and Ponder p14 Q3 fair comparison many carrots average time temperature weight control, (iii) Plain Hypotonic extracellular<intracellular water inside vacuole pressure firm crunchy Vacuole stores water minerals pressure firm page 19 wilted loses water less firm, Concentrated Hypertonic extracellular>intracellular water outside vacuole loses water rubbery limp Activity 2.2 potato Beaker A swells Beaker B shrinks C) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>Ans: C \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q7 Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast DNA\u0964 Q8 plain stiff crunchy turgor, salt rubbery limp water loss\u0964<\/b>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c2b4f4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #4a148c;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;height:700px;overflow-y:auto;line-height:2.2;font-size:14px;\">\n<b>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e 4\/4 - MCQ 21-25 - Q9 \u0938\u0947 Q16 \u0914\u0930 Journey Beyond \u092a\u0947\u091c 26-27 Fig 2.22 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 21. Q9 Presence absence bacterial animal \u0914\u0930 Q10 Potato cups Fig 2.22 \u092a\u0947\u091c 26<\/b><br>\nA) Q9 Structures Bacterial Animal - Chromosome Bacterial Present single circular DNA nucleoid Animal Present 46 nucleus DNA protein, Nucleus Bacterial Absent primitive nucleoid no membrane Animal Present well-defined double-layered pores nucleolus chromatin Fig 2.11, Mitochondria Bacterial Absent no membrane-bound organelles prokaryotic 1-10 \u00b5m Animal Present powerhouse double cristae ATP Fig 2.14, Golgi Bacterial Absent Animal Present packaging shipping stacks flattened sac-like vesicles Fig 2.13, Chromoplasts Bacterial Absent Animal Absent only plant flower fruit yellow orange red attraction pollination seed dispersal - Table 2.1 Table 2.2 B) Q10 Four peeled potato halves scoop cups One boiled potato Place each beaker water Fig 2.22 (a) Cup A empty (b) B one teaspoon sugar (c) C one teaspoon salt (d) D boiled potato sugar Observe two hours (i) Why water gathers hollowed B and C? Cup B sugar C salt outside beaker water Hypotonic inside hollow Hypertonic concentrated more water osmosis beaker potato cells membrane hollow Osmosis water selective membrane dilute to concentrated, (ii) Why Cup A necessary? Control without sugar salt water gathers? Compare scientific control, (iii) Why water not gather A and D? Cup A no sugar salt no concentration difference no osmosis no water, Cup D boiled membrane wall damaged dead protein denatured selective permeable lost no osmosis no water Shows living membrane only osmosis Activity 2.2 same principle C) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>Ans: C \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q9 Table \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0964 Q10 A control, D boiled dead no selective\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 22. Q11 Incorrect match \u0914\u0930 Q12 Mitochondria removed \u0914\u0930 Q13 Tumour inhibition \u092a\u0947\u091c 26<\/b><br>\nA) Q11 Identify pair incorrectly matches organelle function (i) Ribosome Protein synthesis correct free and RER protein factories, (ii) SER Lipid and cellulose synthesis incorrect - SER lipid hormone synthesis storage not cellulose Cell wall cellulose Golgi? So incorrect pair is (ii), (iii) Lysosome Digestion foreign agents correct clean-up single membrane sac enzymes waste damaged organelles foreign suicidal bag B) Q12 What outcome if all mitochondria removed eukaryotic cell? Mitochondria Powerhouse ATP energy currency respiration glucose breakdown Own DNA ribosomes If removed energy not formed all activities stop cell die Plant chloroplast food but energy mitochondria only C) Q13 Which phenomenon inhibits formation tumors human body? Can plants also develop tumors? Contact inhibition - animal cells division stops when contact neighbouring cells page 23 2.5.1 controlled right place functions eventually die dead replaced new definite life span If not die when should or die too early problems Cancer lose control uncontrollably tumours Plant rigid walls no contact inhibition different pattern PCD genetically regulated selective destruction normal development quality control immune embryo fingers eliminating cells between digits webbed hands not Can plants develop tumors? Yes crown gall disease Agrobacterium tumefaciens tumour-like swellings rapid uncontrolled division Chapter 3 Fig 3.20 but plant wall rigid so different control D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q11 (ii) incorrect, Q12 cell die, Q13 contact inhibition, plant crown gall\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 23. Q14 Cell membrane proteins lipids which organelles help synthesis path diagram \u0914\u0930 Q15 Gametes mitotic divisions \u092a\u0947\u091c 27<\/b><br>\nA) Q14 Cell membrane proteins lipids Which organelles help synthesis cell membrane? Path compounds site synthesis to membrane labelled diagram - Organelles RER Rough ER protein synthesis ribosomes attached SER Smooth ER lipid synthesis Golgi packaging Path RER ribosomes protein -> ER entry -> vesicle Golgi -> Golgi modifies sorts packages vesicle -> Plasma membrane Fig 2.13 ER Golgi pathway protein processing secretion Ribosome RER SER Golgi Vesicles Plasma membrane Fluid-mosaic Lipid bilayer Various types proteins Fig 2.7 Lipid bilayer water attracting heads outwards repelling tails inwards proteins gatekeepers B) Q15 What would happen if gametes formed mitotic divisions? Mitosis one to two identical same DNA 46 growth repair asexual Fig 2.18 Meiosis reproductive organs only two-step four half 23 variations children resemble parents not exactly same Fig 2.19 If gametes Mitosis 46 remain fertilisation 46+46=92 chromosomes each generation double abnormal development genetic disorders infertility early pregnancy loss reduced fertility page 22 Bridging Errors mitosis uncontrolled divisions tumours abnormal chromosomes Errors meiosis genetic disorders developmental problems distinctive physical features So Meiosis necessary half maintain restore original C) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>Ans: C \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q14 RER SER Golgi Vesicle Membrane\u0964 Q15 46+46=92 double abnormal - Meiosis half 23 needed\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 24. Q16 Farmer Deepa amla lemon pickles sharbat \u0914\u0930 Journey Beyond \u092a\u0947\u091c 27<\/b><br>\nA) Q16 Farmer Deepa happy harvest amla lemon could sell one-fourth local market significant amount lost post-harvest employed traditional yet scientifically sound method extend shelf life perishable profitable products pickles sharbat excess produce pickles murabbas sharbat adding appropriate amounts salt sugar jaggery small pieces fruit juices stored small glass bottles sale prevent wastage shift farming agro-processing strengthen food security boost local economy sustainable model cuts waste increasing income Based passage (i) Which scientific concept applied preservation? Osmosis Hypertonic high concentration salt sugar outside bacteria fungi cells water outside shrink die no growth Activity 2.2 potato Beaker B 20% salt sugar shrinks Fig 2.6 Hypertonic (ii) How addition high concentrations salt sugar create environment prevents growth spoilage bacteria fungi? Hypertonic extracellular>intracellular bacteria fungi cells water outside osmosis dehydrated no growth no spoilage Water lack enzyme no work (iii) Suggest healthy recipe food preservation - Amla pickle less salt lemon honey amla murabba jaggery honey lemon sharbat sugar jaggery lemon juice water mango pickle mustard oil salt spices glass bottle clean sun drying (iv) Scientific values observation experiment hypothesis Osmosis use wastage less food security local economy sustainable traditional knowledge scientific basis B) The Journey Beyond - Use software digital tools create animations simulations cell division share class, Create model synthetic cell low-cost eco-friendly material, Build mitosis meiosis model classmates science project exhibition teamwork success perspective understanding cell division change? Explain how? Develop nukkad natak community awareness simple dialogues different functions cell organelles C) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>Ans: C \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Q16 concept Osmosis Hypertonic\u0964 Journey Beyond activities\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>MCQ 25. The Quest Continues Synthetic cell future ethical issues \u092a\u0947\u091c 27 \u0914\u0930 Threads of Curiosity Venter \u092a\u0947\u091c 20<\/b><br>\nA) Threads of Curiosity 2010 J Craig Venter team important discovery synthetic biology studied complete DNA sequence simple bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides computer programming chemically synthesised exact copy DNA Another closely related bacterium removed DNA kept rest cell cytoplasm membrane intact inserted synthetic DNA into cell After cell started grow divide following instructions newly inserted synthetic DNA experiment showed DNA controls structure activities cell However scientists did not create completely new cell from scratch Only DNA synthetic other parts taken already existing living cell B) The Quest Continues What is future development synthetic cells using non-living chemicals? If synthetic cell developed what may be related ethical issues? Future artificial cell non-living chemicals? Synthetic cell low-cost eco-friendly model? Ethical - life creation misuse biological weapons natural balance patent ownership playing God C) The Journey Beyond animations simulations mitosis meiosis, synthetic cell model, mitosis meiosis model teamwork, nukkad natak cell organelles functions D) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<br>\n<b>Ans: D \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - Trick: Venter 2010 Mycoplasma mycoides Only DNA synthetic rest existing - not from scratch\u0964 Synthetic cell future - non-living chemicals to living? Ethical - \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928, \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4 - \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 - MCQ 25 - \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 ans \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 - CH2 PDF \u0938\u0947 - Fig 2.20 (a)-(g) Fig 2.21 \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 Fig 2.22 \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u092a A B C D - \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e 5 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 - \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 - \u0926\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e - \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2705<br>\n\u092d\u093e\u0917 1 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f, \u092d\u093e\u0917 2 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092d\u093e\u0917 3 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e 16 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0917 4 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 MCQ 25 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 ans - \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 NCERT - \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0926 - CH2 PDF \u0938\u0947 - \u092b\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background:#4a148c;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c2b4p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;\">\u2190 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"c2b4i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#4a148c;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 4<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c2b4n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 \u2192<\/button>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<script>(function(){var cur=1,total=4;function show(n){for(var i=1;i<=total;i++){var e=document.getElementById('c2b4f'+i); 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