{"id":1018,"date":"2026-10-07T03:40:51","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T03:40:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academic.pargaidefenceacademy.in\/Class-9th\/?p=1018"},"modified":"2026-10-07T03:49:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T03:49:47","slug":"chapter-9-atomic-foundations-of-matter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/academic.pargaidefenceacademy.in\/Class-9th\/2026\/10\/07\/chapter-9-atomic-foundations-of-matter\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 9 Atomic Foundations of Matter"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-1018\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-1018-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-1018-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1018-0-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH9-INTRO\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:14px;background:#e8f5e9;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;\">Chapter 9 - Atomic Foundations of Matter - \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f - \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"c9-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/5 - \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<div style=\"background:#ffebee;border-left:4px solid #b71c1c;padding:8px 10px;font-weight:bold;\">Chapter 9 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 162 - Think It Over<\/div>\n- \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<br>\n- \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 O \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 O\u2082 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<br>\n- \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902?<br><br>\n\n\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 Chapter 8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n\u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u091c\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0917 \u092c\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0907\u090f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 9.1 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 163 Fig 9.1:<\/b><br>\n100 mL \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f 50 mL \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 + \u091a\u0941\u091f\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 - \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092b\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 9.2 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 163 Fig 9.2 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e + \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e:<\/b><br>\nVinegar + Baking soda (Sodium hydrogencarbonate) \u2192 Carbon dioxide + Other substances<br>\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u091f-\u0905\u092a 1: 100 mL \u0936\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f 20 mL \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0902\u092c\u0942 \u0930\u0938 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 2 g \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 Fig 9.2a\u0964<br>\n\u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0902\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 CO\u2082 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 Fig 9.2b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 - \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n<b>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e: \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 Law of Conservation of Mass - \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f - \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e Law of Definite Proportions - \u092a\u0947\u091c 165:<\/b><br>\n\u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e H:O = 1:8 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 2g \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 16g \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u219218g \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c9-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1565c0;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/5 - \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>9.4 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? - \u092a\u0947\u091c 169<\/b><br>\n\u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0964<br>\n<b>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e: \u0905\u0923\u0941 - \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\nChapter 8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 8 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 (K \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b 2) \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 8 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947:<br>\n- Sharing \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e - \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e<br>\n- Transfer \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 - \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<br>\n\u091c\u092c \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Chemical Bond \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>9.4.1 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0927 - \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Covalent Bond - \u092a\u0947\u091c 169 Fig 9.6-9.8:<\/b><br>\n<b>A. \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941:<\/b><br>\n\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e: \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 1 K \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 K \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 2 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f 1 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 1 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 H\u2082 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 Fig 9.6\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Single bond H\u2014H \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0923\u0941: \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 7 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 Cl\u2082 Fig 9.7 Cl\u2014Cl \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<br><br>\n\n\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0923\u0941: \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 8 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 6 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 2 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b-\u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 O\u2082 Fig 9.8 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e = \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 Double bond O=O \u0926\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Pause and Ponder Q8-9 \u092a\u0947\u091c 170:<\/b><br>\nQ8 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 5 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 N\u2082 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0913 - \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 N\u2261N<br>\nQ9 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 9 F\u2082 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0913 - 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0927 F\u2014F<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c9-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#2e7d32;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/5 - \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>B. \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 170-172:<\/b><br>\n\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 HCl \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e: H \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 1 duplet \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f Cl 17 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 7 octet \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2014Cl \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 172:<\/b><br>\n\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e -ide \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0964 Prefix mono-1 di-2 tri-3 tetra-4 penta-5 hexa-6 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f mono- \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f prefix o \u092f\u093e a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0902 monoxide pentoxide\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f prefix i \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u094b \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 dioxide trioxide\u0964<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/b><br>\n- CO \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (monooxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902)<br>\n- CO\u2082 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (monocarbon dioxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902)<br>\n- CS\u2082 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930<br>\n- PCl\u2083 \u092b\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0938 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928<br>\n- SF\u2086 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091b\u0939 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928<br>\n- N\u2082O\u2084 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (tetraoxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902)<br>\n- N\u2082O\u2085 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921<br>\n\u091c\u092c \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 prefix \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 H\u2082S \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\n\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 H\u2082O \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 water \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 NH\u2083 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e ammonia \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:2px solid #fbc02d;padding:8px;border-radius:8px;\">\n<b>Together we are strong...<\/b> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935\u0964\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c9-4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#4a148c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe3 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4\/5 - \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>9.4.2 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0927 - \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Ionic Bond - \u092a\u0947\u091c 172-175 Fig 9.11:<\/b><br>\n\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 4 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 18 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Table 8.4 \u0938\u0947 4 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 4 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 octet \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 NaCl \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 11 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 1 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0916\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e? \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 Cation Na\u207a Fig 9.11a \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 Na Fig 9.11b Na\u207a + e\u207b\u0964<br>\n\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 1 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 Cl\u207b \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 Anion \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 17 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 18 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u0964 Na\u207a \u0914\u0930 Cl\u207b \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 178-180 Example 9.7:<\/b><br>\n- \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 Molecular mass = \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 Formula unit mass = \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Example 9.7 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928:<\/b><br>\n\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 Ca=40 u N=14 u O=16 u<br>\nCa(NO\u2083)\u2082 = (40\u00d71) + {(14\u00d71)+(16\u00d73)}\u00d72 =40+ (14+48)\u00d72 =40+62\u00d72=40+124=164 u<br><br>\n\n<b>Pause and Ponder Q23-24 \u092a\u0947\u091c 180:<\/b><br>\nQ23 KCl \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 K=39 Cl=35.5 \u219239+35.5=74.5 u<br>\nQ24 Mg(OH)\u2082 Mg=24 O=16 H=1 \u219224 + {16+1}\u00d72=24+34=58 u<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"c9-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/5 - At a Glance \u0914\u0930 Answer Key<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>At a Glance \u0938\u093e\u0930 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 180:<\/b><br>\n- \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<br>\n- \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<br>\n- \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0964<br>\n- \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\n- \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 (\u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924)\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Answer Key Chapter 9 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 272 - \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 PDF \u0938\u0947:<\/b><br>\nPause and Ponder:<br>\n2. 180 g 3. 30 g 4. 12 g 7. (iii) 12. Anion O\u00b2\u207b 13. Cl\u207b one two<br>\n16. (i) Carbon dioxide CO\u2082 (ii) Nitrogen dioxide NO\u2082 (iii) Sulfur hexafluoride SF\u2086 (iv) Phosphorous trichloride PCl\u2083<br>\n17. (i) NaHCO\u2083 (ii) SO\u2082 (iii) FeCl\u2083 (iv) Cu\u2082O<br>\n18. (i) Fe(OH)\u2083 (ii) K\u2082CO\u2083<br>\n20. (i) MO (ii) Ionic (iii) Conducts electricity in aqueous solution<br>\n21. 63 u 22. 16 u 23. 74.5 u 24. 58 u<br><br>\n\nRevise, Reflect, Refine:<br>\n1. (i) 1 electron \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e (ii) Cation A\u207a (iii) 2 electron \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e (iv) Anion B\u00b2\u207b (v) Ionic (vi) A\u2082B<br>\n3. (iii) 4. (iv) etc - \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e Answer Key PDF \u092a\u0947\u091c 272 \u092a\u0930\u0964<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 Chapter 9 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e - \u092a\u0947\u091c 162-180<br>\n\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e CO\u2082, \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 H:O 1:8 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f He \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941<br>\n\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2082 Fig9.6 Cl\u2082 Fig9.7 Cl\u2014Cl \u090f\u0915\u0932 O\u2082 Fig9.8 O=O \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 N\u2082 N\u2261N \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 F\u2082 F\u2014F HCl H\u2014Cl<br>\n\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 CO \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 CO\u2082 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 CS\u2082 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 PCl\u2083 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 SF\u2086 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 N\u2082O\u2084 \u091f\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 N\u2082O\u2085 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 H\u2082S \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 H\u2082O \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 NH\u2083 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e<br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 Na 11 1 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 Na\u207a 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 Cl 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 1 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 Cl\u207b NaCl \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923<br>\n\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917 Example Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082 164 u KCl 74.5 Mg(OH)\u2082 58<br>\n\u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090a\u0901 \u0938\u0930?\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c9p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"c9i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 5<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"c9n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=5;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('c9-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('c9i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('c9n').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('c9p').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-1018-1\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-1018-1-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1018-1-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH9-DEF\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:14px;background:#e8f5e9;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;\">Chapter 9 - \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 163-180 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"d9-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/5 - \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<div style=\"background:#ffebee;border-left:4px solid #b71c1c;padding:8px 10px;font-weight:bold;\">\u092a\u0947\u091c 163-166 - Law of Conservation of Mass<\/div>\n\n<b>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 9.1 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 - Fig9.1:<\/b><br>\n100 mL \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f 50 mL \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 + \u091a\u0941\u091f\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 - \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930\u0964 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u092b\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 9.2 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 - \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e + \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e - Fig9.2 Fig9.3:<\/b><br>\nVinegar + Baking soda Sodium hydrogencarbonate \u2192 Carbon dioxide + Other substances<br>\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u091f-\u0905\u092a 1: 100 mL \u0936\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f 20 mL \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 2 g \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 Fig9.2a\u0964<br>\n\u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0902\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e CO\u2082 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092b\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e Fig9.3c \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 - \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u091f-\u0905\u092a 1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 9.3 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 - Fig9.4 - Sodium sulfate + Barium chloride \u2192 Barium sulfate white precipitate + Sodium chloride:<\/b><br>\n\u0926\u094b 100 mL \u0936\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 A \u0914\u0930 B \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f A \u092e\u0947\u0902 10 mL 1% m\/v sodium sulfate B \u092e\u0947\u0902 10 mL 1% m\/v barium chloride \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 Fig9.4a\u0964 B \u0938\u0947 A \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a barium sulfate \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e Fig9.4b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0930 - \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 - \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>9.1 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e Law of Conservation of Mass - 1789 Antoine Lavoisier - Father of Modern Chemistry:<\/b><br>\n<b>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e: \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f - \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b> Lavoisier \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \"...\u0939\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\"\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Example 9.1 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928:<\/b><br>\n4.0 g calcium carbonate + 2.92 g hydrochloric acid \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0930 \u2192 1.76 g carbon dioxide +0.72 g water +4.44 g calcium chloride<br>\nReactants \u0915\u0941\u0932 =4.0+2.92=6.92 g, Products \u0915\u0941\u0932=1.76+0.72+4.44=6.92 g = Reactants \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Example 9.2:<\/b> 12 g carbon +32 g oxygen \u219244 g carbon dioxide, \u0924\u094b 2.4 g carbon \u0938\u0947? 1 g \u219244\/12, 2.4 g \u219244\u00d72.4\/12=8.8 g CO\u2082<br><br>\n\n<b>Pause and Ponder Q1-Q2 \u092a\u0947\u091c 166:<\/b><br>\nQ1 10 g ethanol \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928? \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 - CO\u2082 \u0914\u0930 H\u2082O \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092c\u0928 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0917\u0908 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094c\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<br>\nQ2 20 g hydrogen +160 g oxygen \u2192 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940? \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 20+160=180 g \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"d9-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1565c0;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/5 - \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e + \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>9.2 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e Law of Constant Proportions \/ Definite Proportions \/ Proust's Law - Joseph Louis Proust:<\/b><br>\n<b>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/b><br>\n\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u091f\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e hydrogen \u0914\u0930 oxygen \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 1:8\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f 9 g \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 1 g hydrogen \u0914\u0930 8 g oxygen \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 1:8 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Threads of Curiosity - Cinnabar Fig9.5 Hingula:<\/b><br>\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0915 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 - \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 cinnabar\u0964 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e mercury \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 sulfur \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 86.22% \u0914\u0930 13.78%\u0964 \u092a\u0940\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 cinnabar \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>Example 9.3 NaCl \u092e\u0947\u0902 Na:Cl =23:35.5 \u092f\u0926\u093f 46 g sodium \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e chlorine \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f?<\/b><br>\nMass chlorine = (35.5\/23)\u00d746=71 g<br><br>\n\n<b>Pause and Ponder Q3-Q6 \u092a\u0947\u091c 167:<\/b><br>\nQ3 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 40% sulfur 60% oxygen \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 20 g sulfur \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b oxygen \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f? S:O=40:60=2:3 \u0924\u094b 20 g S \u219230 g O<br>\nQ4 CO \u092e\u0947\u0902 C:O=3:4 9 g carbon \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e oxygen CO \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f? 9 g\u00d74\/3=12 g<br>\nQ5 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902? \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\nQ6 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 X Y \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 copper oxide \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 4:1 \u0914\u0930 8:2 - \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0947? \u0939\u093e\u0901 4:1=8:2=4:1 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924<br><br>\n\n<b>9.3 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 John Dalton 1808:<\/b><br>\n\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938:<br>\n- \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<br>\n- \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<br>\n- \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<br>\n- \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\n- \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964<br>\n\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 hydrogen \u0914\u0930 oxygen \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u093e\u0909\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964<br>\n\u0926\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 - \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964<br>\n<b>Q7 Assertion A: 2 g hydrogen +16 g oxygen \u219218 g water, R: \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 - \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (ii) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 R A \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902? \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 H:O \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 1:8 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u094b (i) \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e?<\/b> PDF Answer Key \u092e\u0947\u0902 (iii) \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e? - \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f R \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"d9-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#2e7d32;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/5 - \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>9.4 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947? - \u092a\u0947\u091c 169:<\/b><br>\n\u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0964<br>\n<b>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e: \u0905\u0923\u0941 - \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/b> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964<br>\nChapter 8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 8 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 (K \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u094b 2) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964 8 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947:<br>\n- Sharing \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e - \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e<br>\n- Transfer \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 - \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<br>\n\u091c\u092c \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Chemical Bond\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>9.4.1 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0927 - \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 Covalent Bond - \u092a\u0947\u091c 169-172:<\/b><br>\n<b>A. \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941:<\/b><br>\n\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928: \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 1 K \u092e\u0947\u0902 1 K \u092e\u0947\u0902 2 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f 1 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 H \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 1 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2082 Fig9.6 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Single H\u2014H \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0964<br>\n\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928: \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 7 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e Cl\u2082 Fig9.7 Cl\u2014Cl \u090f\u0915\u0932\u0964<br>\n\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928: \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 8 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 6 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u094b-\u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e O\u2082 Fig9.8 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 Double O=O \u0926\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<br>\n\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 5 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 N\u2082 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 N\u2261N<br>\n\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 9 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f F\u2014F \u090f\u0915\u0932 F\u2082<br><br>\n\n<b>B. \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941:<\/b><br>\nHCl: H 1 duplet \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f Cl 17 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 7 octet \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2014Cl \u090f\u0915\u0932 Fig9.9\u0964<br>\n\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 H\u2082O: H 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f O 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b H \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 O \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e Fig9.10 H\u2082O \u0926\u094b H \u090f\u0915 O\u0964<br>\nCO\u2082 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e: C 4 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 O 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f C \u0926\u094b O \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u094b-\u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e O=C=O \u0926\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927<br>\nH\u2082S: S 6 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b H \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2014S\u2014H<br>\nNH\u2083: N 5 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 3 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0940\u0928 H \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e<br>\nNeon \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 10 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 8 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0964<br>\n\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 - \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u092a \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Raja Ramanna \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>C. \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 Prefix system - \u092a\u0947\u091c 172:<\/b><br>\n\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e -ide \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0964 Prefix mono-1 di-2 tri-3 tetra-4 penta-5 hexa-6 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964 mono- \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964 prefix o\/a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c monoxide pentoxide, i \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 dioxide trioxide\u0964<br>\nCO carbon monoxide (monooxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) CO\u2082 carbon dioxide CS\u2082 carbon disulfide \u0926\u094b sulfur PCl\u2083 phosphorus trichloride \u0924\u0940\u0928 Cl SF\u2086 sulfur hexafluoride \u091b\u0939 F N\u2082O\u2084 dinitrogen tetroxide (tetraoxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) N\u2082O\u2085 dinitrogen pentoxide<br>\nHydrogen \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b hydrogen \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 prefix \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 H\u2082S hydrogen sulfide dihydrogen \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\n\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e H\u2082O water hydrogen monoxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 NH\u2083 ammonia nitrogen trihydride \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"d9-4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#4a148c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe3 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4\/5 - \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>9.4.2 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0927 - \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 Ionic - \u092a\u0947\u091c 172-177:<\/b><br>\n\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 4 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u094b \u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 - \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 18 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Table8.4 \u0938\u0947 4 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 4 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e octet \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e\u0964<br>\nNaCl \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 Na \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 11 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 1 \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928? \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 Cation Na\u207a Fig9.11a Na Fig9.11b Na\u207a+e\u207b<br>\nCl 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 1 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 Cl\u207b \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 Anion 17 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 18 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u0964 Na\u207a Cl\u207b \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0964<br>\nTable9.1(b) \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0928: Hydroxide OH\u207b 1, Nitrate NO\u2083\u207b1, Hydrogencarbonate HCO\u2083\u207b1, Carbonate CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b2, Sulfate SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b2, Ammonium NH\u2084\u207a1<br><br>\n\n<b>9.5 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e - \u092a\u0947\u091c 175-177:<\/b><br>\n<b>9.5.1 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915:<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 (ii) \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 Table9.1 (iii) \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 cross crossover subscript \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0964<br>\nHCl: H1 Cl1 \u2192HCl \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 cross 1 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e<br>\nH\u2082S: H1 S2 \u2192H\u2082S<br>\nCCl\u2084: C4 Cl1 \u2192CCl\u2084<br><br>\n\n<b>9.5.2 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915:<\/b><br>\n(i) \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 (ii) \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 superscripts \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 (iii) \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 cross subscript \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 (iv) \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f cross \u092c\u093e\u0926 subscript \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0926\u093f 2 \u0914\u0930 4 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b 2 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 1 \u0914\u0930 2 subscript \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 2 \u0914\u0930 4 \u21921 \u0914\u0930 2<br>\nExample: CaCl\u2082 Symbol Ca\u00b2\u207a Cl\u207b \u2192CaCl\u2082 \u0926\u094b Cl\u207b \u0939\u0930 Ca\u00b2\u207a \u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090b\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928<br>\nAl\u2082O\u2083 Al\u00b3\u207a O\u00b2\u207b \u2192Al\u2082O\u2083<br>\nMgO Mg\u00b2\u207a O\u00b2\u207b \u2192Mg\u2082O\u2082 \u0938\u0930\u0932 MgO<br>\nMg(OH)\u2082 Mg\u00b2\u207a OH\u207b \u2192Mg(OH)\u2082 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 Mg\u00b2\u207a \u0926\u094b OH\u207b \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 Al(OH)\u2083 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f OH subscript 3 \u0924\u0940\u0928 OH\u207b \u090f\u0915 Al\u00b3\u207a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 AlOH\u2083 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 Al(OH)\u2083<br>\nAl\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 Al\u00b3\u207a SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b \u2192Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083<br>\nCaCO\u2083 Ca\u00b2\u207a CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b \u2192Ca\u2082(CO\u2083)\u2082 \u0938\u0930\u0932 CaCO\u2083<br>\nNote: \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0964<br><br>\n\n<b>9.6 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 177-179 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 9.4:<\/b><br>\n\u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0947\u091f \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u0928 Fig9.17 Covalent compounds (a) Camphor (b) Naphthalene<br>\n\u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 - Safety low-voltage battery petrol kerosene \u091c\u094d\u0935\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940<br>\n<b>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924: \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 inter-ionic \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/b><br>\nQ19 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0927? \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 - \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<br>\nQ20 Metal M \u0926\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 M \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 oxygen \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940: (i) MO (ii) Ionic (iii) \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"d9-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/5 - \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>9.7 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 179 Example9.4 9.5:<\/b><br>\n\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<br>\nExample9.4 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 H\u2082O H=1 O=16 \u2192 (1\u00d72)+(16\u00d71)=18 u<br>\nExample9.5 CO\u2082 C=12 O=16 \u219212+16\u00d72=44 u<br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0928 3-D \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964<br>\nQ21 HNO\u2083 H1 N14 O16 \u21921+14+48=63 u<br>\nQ22 CH\u2084 C12 H1 \u219212+4=16 u<br><br>\n\n<b>9.8 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 179-180 Example9.6 9.7:<\/b><br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<br>\nExample9.6 Na\u2082O Na23 O16 \u219223\u00d72+16\u00d71=62 u<br>\nExample9.7 Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082 Ca40 N14 O16 \u219240 + {14+48}\u00d72 =40+124=164 u<br>\nQ23 KCl K39 Cl35.5 \u219239+35.5=74.5 u<br>\nQ24 Mg(OH)\u2082 Mg24 O16 H1 \u219224+{17}\u00d72=24+34=58 u<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#e8f5e9;border-left:4px solid #1b5e20;padding:8px 10px;font-weight:bold;\">At a Glance \u092a\u0947\u091c 180 - \u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927:<\/div>\n- \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f - \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<br>\n- \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 - \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<br>\n- \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964<br>\n- \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0964<br>\n- \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<br>\n- \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0964<br>\n- \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<br>\n- \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 (\u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924)\u0964<br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 Chapter 9 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e - \u092a\u0947\u091c 163-180<br>\n\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093e CO\u2082 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930, \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0947\u091f \u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 - Lavoisier Father Modern Chemistry - Example 4.0+2.92=6.92=1.76+0.72+4.44, 12+32=44 2.4\u21928.8, 20+160=180<br>\n\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 Proust \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 H:O 1:8 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, Cinnabar \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e 86.22% Hg 13.78% S, NaCl 23:35.5 46\u219271, 40% S 20\u219230 O, CO 3:4 9\u219212, 4:1=8:2 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924<br>\nDalton 1808: \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941, \u0905\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928, \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<br>\n\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 He \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930, \u092c\u0902\u0927 Sharing Transfer \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<br>\n\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 H\u2082 H\u2014H \u090f\u0915\u0932 Cl\u2082 Cl\u2014Cl O\u2082 O=O \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 N\u2082 N\u2261N \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 F\u2082 HCl H\u2014Cl H\u2082O H\u2082S CO\u2082 O=C=O NH\u2083, Neon 8 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 CO monoxide CO\u2082 dioxide CS\u2082 disulfide PCl\u2083 trichloride SF\u2086 hexafluoride N\u2082O\u2084 tetroxide N\u2082O\u2085 pentoxide H\u2082S sulfide H\u2082O water NH\u2083 ammonia<br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 Na\u207a 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 Cl\u207b 17 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 18 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 NaCl \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 OH\u207b NO\u2083\u207b HCO\u2083\u207b CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b NH\u2084\u207a, \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 CaCl\u2082 Al\u2082O\u2083 MgO Mg(OH)\u2082 Al(OH)\u2083 Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 CaCO\u2083<br>\n\u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0915\u092e, Q19 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 MO Ionic \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<br>\n\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 H\u2082O 18 CO\u2082 44 HNO\u2083 63 CH\u2084 16, \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 Na\u2082O 62 Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082 164 KCl 74.5 Mg(OH)\u2082 58<br>\n\u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 Exercise \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090a\u0901 \u0938\u0930?\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"d9p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"d9i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 5<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"d9n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=5;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('d9-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('d9i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('d9n').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('d9p').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-1018-2\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-1018-2-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1018-2-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"CH9-EXER\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:14px;background:#e8f5e9;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;\">Chapter 9 - \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e Exercise - PDF \u0938\u0947 - \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e - \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"e9-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/5 - Pause and Ponder Q1-Q7<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Pause and Ponder \u092a\u0947\u091c 166-168 - PDF \u0938\u0947:<\/b><br>\n\n<b>Q1. \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 10 g ethanol \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928? \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 Ethanol + Oxygen \u2192 Carbon dioxide + Water \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0917\u0948\u0938\/\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0917\u0908\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094c\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 = reactants 10 g + oxygen = products CO\u2082 + H\u2082O \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 Fig9.2 Fig9.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q2. \u091c\u092c 20 g hydrogen \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 160 g oxygen \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0917\u093e?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: 20+160=180 g \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964 Answer Key 180 g\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q3. \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 40% sulfur 60% oxygen \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 20 g sulfur \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e oxygen \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: S:O=40:60=2:3 \u219220 g S \u219230 g O\u0964 Answer Key 30 g\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q4. Carbon monoxide CO \u092e\u0947\u0902 C \u0914\u0930 O \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 3:4\u0964 9 g carbon \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e oxygen \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e CO \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: 9\u00d74\/3=12 g\u0964 Answer Key 12 g\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q5. \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 - \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e H:O 1:8\u0964 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q6. \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 X \u0914\u0930 Y \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 copper \u0915\u093e oxide \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0914\u0930 oxygen \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 4:1 \u0914\u0930 8:2 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0947? \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0964 4:1=4, 8:2=4 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q7. Assertion (A): 2 g hydrogen 16 g oxygen \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 18 g \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964 Reason (R): \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 R A \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e - H\u2082O \u092e\u0947\u0902 H:O \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 2:1 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 1:8\u0964 Answer Key (iii) \u092e\u0947\u0902? PDF \u092e\u0947\u0902 (iii) \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u0940 (i) \u0939\u0948 - \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"e9-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1565c0;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/5 - Q8-Q15<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q8. Nitrogen \u092e\u0947\u0902 5 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 N\u2082 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0913 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 170<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: N 2,5 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 5 3 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b N \u0924\u0940\u0928-\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 N\u2261N :N:::N: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 octet \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q9. Fluorine \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 9 F\u2082 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0913 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 170<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: F 2,7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 7 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b F \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e F\u2014F \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Fig9.7 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e Cl\u2082 - F\u2082\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q10. \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0913: (i) CO\u2082 (ii) H\u2082S (iii) NH\u2083 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 171<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) CO\u2082 C 2,4 4 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f O 2,6 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f C \u0926\u094b O \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u094b-\u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e O=C=O \u0926\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 (ii) H\u2082S S 2,8,6 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b H \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2014S\u2014H (iii) NH\u2083 N 2,5 3 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0940\u0928 H \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2014N\u2014H \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q11. Neon \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 10 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902? - \u092a\u0947\u091c 171<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: Ne 2,8 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 8 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 octet \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e - \u0939\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q12-13 \u092a\u0947\u091c 173 - Anion \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928:<\/b><br>\n<b>Q12 Anion O\u00b2\u207b ? - \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: Anion O\u00b2\u207b (Oxygen 8 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 2 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924)<\/b><br>\n<b>Q13 Cl\u207b one two? - Cl\u207b \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e Cl\u2014Cl? Answer Key Cl\u207b one two - \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094b? Cl\u207b \u092e\u0947\u0902 17 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 18 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q14-15 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924:<\/b><br>\n<b>Q14 Metal M \u0926\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 M \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 oxygen \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 - \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 (i) MO (ii) Ionic (iii) \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e - Answer Key (i) MO (ii) Ionic (iii) Conducts electricity in aqueous solution\u0964<\/b> - M=Mg 2,8,2 \u2192 Mg\u00b2\u207a + O\u00b2\u207b \u2192MgO<br><br>\n\n<b>Q15 Q16 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 177:<\/b><br>\n<b>Q16 Name: (i) CO\u2082 (ii) NO\u2082 (iii) SF\u2086 (iv) PCl\u2083<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) Carbon dioxide CO\u2082 (ii) Nitrogen dioxide NO\u2082 (iii) Sulfur hexafluoride SF\u2086 (iv) Phosphorous trichloride PCl\u2083 - Answer Key \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q17 Formula \u0932\u093f\u0916\u094b - \u092a\u0947\u091c 177:<\/b><br>\n<b>(i) Sodium hydrogencarbonate (ii) Sulfur dioxide (iii) Ferric chloride (iv) Cuprous oxide<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) NaHCO\u2083 (ii) SO\u2082 (iii) FeCl\u2083 (iv) Cu\u2082O - Answer Key\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q18 Fe\u00b3\u207a OH\u207b \u0914\u0930 K\u207a CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 177:<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) Fe(OH)\u2083 (ii) K\u2082CO\u2083 - Answer Key\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"e9-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#2e7d32;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/5 - Q19-Q24 + Example<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q19. \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e? - \u092a\u0947\u091c 179<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 - \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0964 Example NaCl\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q20 Metal M \u0926\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 M \u0915\u094b\u0936 oxygen \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e - \u0935\u0939\u0940 Q14 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 - Answer Key MO Ionic Conducts\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q21-24 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 - \u092a\u0947\u091c 180:<\/b><br>\n<b>Q21 HNO\u2083 H1 N14 O16 \u21921+14+48=63 u - Answer Key 63 u<\/b><br>\n<b>Q22 CH\u2084 C12 H1 \u219212+4=16 u - Answer Key 16 u<\/b><br>\n<b>Q23 KCl K39 Cl35.5 \u219239+35.5=74.5 u - Answer Key 74.5 u<\/b><br>\n<b>Q24 Mg(OH)\u2082 Mg24 O16 H1 \u219224+{16+1}\u00d72=24+34=58 u - Answer Key 58 u<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Example 9.1-9.7 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 - 9.1 6.92=6.92, 9.2 8.8 g CO\u2082, 9.3 NaCl 23:35.5 46\u219271 g, 9.4 H\u2082O 18 u, 9.5 CO\u2082 44 u, 9.6 Na\u2082O 62 u, 9.7 Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082 164 u\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"e9-4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#ef6c00;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe0 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4\/5 - Revise Q1-Q8<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Revise, Reflect, Refine - \u092a\u0947\u091c 181-183 - PDF \u0938\u0947:<\/b><br>\n\n<b>Q1. \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 A \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 B \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0939 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 (i) A \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947\/\u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947? (ii) \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e? (iii) B \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947\/\u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947? (iv) \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0928? (v) A \u0914\u0930 B \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0927? (vi) \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: Answer Key: (i) 1 electron \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e (ii) Cation A\u207a (iii) 2 electron \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e (iv) Anion B\u00b2\u207b (v) Ionic (vi) A\u2082B - \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 A=Na 2,8,1 \u2192Na\u207a, B=O 2,6 \u2192O\u00b2\u207b \u2192Na\u2082O<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q2. \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 X \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0939 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e (i) \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e? (ii) \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e? (iii) \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0913 (iv) \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 Y \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 X Y \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0913<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: X=O 2,6 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b X \u0926\u094b-\u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e O\u2082 O=O \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0964 Y=Mg 2,2 2 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e Mg\u00b2\u207a O\u00b2\u207b \u2192MgO \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q3. \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0927\u0928 6+ \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090b\u0923 6- \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e? (i) 2 Al\u00b3\u207a 3 Cl\u207b (ii) 3 Mg\u00b2\u207a 1 PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b (iii) 2 Fe\u00b3\u207a 3 O\u00b2\u207b (iv) 3 Ca\u00b2\u207a 2 SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (iii) 2 Fe\u00b3\u207a =6+ 3 O\u00b2\u207b=6- \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 Fe\u2082O\u2083\u0964 (i) 2\u00d73+=6+ 3\u00d71-=3- \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, (ii) 3\u00d72+=6+ 1\u00d73-=3- \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, (iv) 3\u00d72+=6+ 2\u00d72-=4- \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 Answer Key (iii)\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q4. \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902 (i) \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 (ii) \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 (iii) \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 (iv) \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u090f\u0915 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u093e<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: Answer Key (iv) \u0938\u0939\u0940 - \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 (iv) \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0964 (i) \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947, (ii) \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947, (iii) N\u2082 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 N\u2261N \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q5. \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u094b (i) Aluminium nitrate (ii) Calcium oxide (iii) Ferric oxide<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) Al(NO\u2083)\u2083 (ii) CaO (iii) Fe\u2082O\u2083 - Answer Key\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q6. \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 (i) Ca\u00b2\u207a Br\u207b (ii) Al\u00b3\u207a CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b (iii) K\u207a SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b (iv) NH\u2084\u207a Cl\u207b<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) CaBr\u2082 (ii) Al\u2082(CO\u2083)\u2083 (iii) K\u2082SO\u2084 (iv) NH\u2084Cl - Answer Key\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q7. Fig9.18 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u093e Cl\u207b \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 17?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: Answer Key (ii) - Cl 17 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 18 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 2,8,8 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q8. \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902 (i) Ammonium nitrate NH\u2084NO\u2083 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (ii) Phosphoric acid H\u2083PO\u2084 \u092b\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0947\u091f \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f (iii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO\u2083 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u091a\u0928<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) 80 u NH\u2084=14+4=18 NO\u2083=14+48=62 \u0915\u0941\u0932 80 (ii) 98 u 3\u00d71+31+64=98 (iii) 84 u 23+1+12+48=84 - Answer Key 80 98 84\u0964<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"e9-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/5 - Q9-Q15 + \u0938\u093e\u0930<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q9. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 (i) Magnesium \u0914\u0930 nitrogen (ii) Lithium \u0914\u0930 nitrogen (iii) Sodium \u0914\u0930 sulfur (iv) Aluminium \u0914\u0930 oxygen - \u092a\u0947\u091c 182<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) Mg\u2083N\u2082 Mg\u00b2\u207a N\u00b3\u207b (ii) Li\u2083N Li\u207a N\u00b3\u207b (iii) Na\u2082S Na\u207a S\u00b2\u207b (iv) Al\u2082O\u2083 Al\u00b3\u207a O\u00b2\u207b - Answer Key\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q10. Table9.3 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094b \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u090a\u092a\u0930 LiNO\u2083 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 NO\u2083\u207b SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b NH\u2084\u207a Li\u207a Al\u00b3\u207a Cu\u00b2\u207a<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: NO\u2083\u207b | SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b | PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b<br>\nNH\u2084\u207a \u2192 NH\u2084NO\u2083 (NH\u2084)\u2082SO\u2084 (NH\u2084)\u2083PO\u2084<br>\nLi\u207a \u2192 LiNO\u2083 Li\u2082SO\u2084 Li\u2083PO\u2084<br>\nAl\u00b3\u207a \u2192 Al(NO\u2083)\u2083 Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 AlPO\u2084<br>\nCu\u00b2\u207a \u2192 Cu(NO\u2083)\u2082 CuSO\u2084 Cu\u2083(PO\u2084)\u2082 - Answer Key \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q11. 5.3 g sodium carbonate \u0914\u0930 6.0 g acetic acid \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 2.2 g carbon dioxide 0.9 g water 8.2 g sodium acetate \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094b - \u092a\u0947\u091c 182<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: Reactants 5.3+6.0=11.3 g Products 2.2+0.9+8.2=11.3 g \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q12. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 12 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0924\u094b (i) \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e (ii) \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u090f\u0902 (iii) \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 (iv) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) Z=11 A=23 (11+12) (ii) Cation 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 1+ (iii) 2,8 (Na\u207a 10 e\u207b) (iv) Sodium cation Na\u207a - Answer Key\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q13. \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 A B \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 A 2,8,5 B 2,8,7 (i) \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 (ii) A B \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u090f\u0902 (iii) \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (i) B \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f A 5 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 3 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f (ii) \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 (iii) AB\u2083 - PCl\u2083 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e - Answer Key (i) Element B (ii) Covalent (iii) AB\u2083\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q14. Assertion A Copper sulfate \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 Reason R Copper \u0914\u0930 sulfate \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: (iii) A \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f R \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f - \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 - R \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0964 Answer Key (iii)\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q15. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f 27Al 80Br\u207b 201Hg\u00b2\u207a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 13 35 80 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928?<\/b><br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: Al 13 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 13 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 14 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 27-13, Br\u207b 35 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 36 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 45 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 80-35, Hg\u00b2\u207a 80 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 78 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 121 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 201-80 - Answer Key Electrons 13 Neutrons 14, Electrons 36 Neutrons 45, Electrons 78 Neutrons 121\u0964<\/b><br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 Chapter 9 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e Exercise \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e - PDF \u0938\u0947 - \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e - 24 Pause + 15 Revise =39 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<br><br>\n\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915: \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 10 g ethanol \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932, \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 1:8 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, NaCl 23:35.5, Dalton \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<br>\n\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 He \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930, \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2082 Cl\u2082 O\u2082 N\u2261N F\u2082 HCl H\u2082O CO\u2082 H\u2082S NH\u2083, Neon 2,8 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 CO monoxide CO\u2082 dioxide SF\u2086 hexafluoride PCl\u2083 trichloride, \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 NaHCO\u2083 SO\u2082 FeCl\u2083 Cu\u2082O Fe(OH)\u2083 K\u2082CO\u2083<br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 MO Ionic, \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 HNO\u2083 63 CH\u2084 16, \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 KCl 74.5 Mg(OH)\u2082 58 NH\u2084NO\u2083 80 H\u2083PO\u2084 98 NaHCO\u2083 84<br>\nMg\u2083N\u2082 Li\u2083N Na\u2082S Al\u2082O\u2083, Table LiNO\u2083 Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 Cu\u2083(PO\u2084)\u2082, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 5.3+6.0=11.3=2.2+0.9+8.2, Z=11 A=23 Cation Na\u207a 2,8, AB\u2083 Covalent, Copper sulfate \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928, Al 13e 14n Br\u207b 36e 45n Hg\u00b2\u207a 78e 121n<br>\n\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e 3 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"e9p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"e9i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 5<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"e9n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=5;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('e9-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('e9i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('e9n').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('e9p').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-1018-3\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\" ><div id=\"pgc-1018-3-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-1018-3-0-0\" class=\"widget_text so-panel widget widget_custom_html panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\" ><div class=\"textwidget custom-html-widget\"><div id=\"AG9\" style=\"max-width:860px;margin:12px auto;border:4px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:14px;background:#e8f5e9;font-family:'Noto Sans Devanagari',Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:10px;text-align:center;\"><span style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:7px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;font-size:14px;\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f - Chapter 9 - 25 MCQ - PDF \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/div>\n\n<div style=\"padding:10px 12px;\">\n<div id=\"ag9-1\" style=\"display:block;\"><div style=\"background:#b71c1c;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/5 - Q1-Q5<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q1. \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 165 Fig9.4]<\/b><br>\nA) Antoine Lavoisier 1789 Father of Modern Chemistry - \u0939\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 B) Proust C) Dalton D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) - \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 Sodium sulfate + Barium chloride \u2192 Barium sulfate white precipitate + Sodium chloride \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 - \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e Fig9.2 \u0938\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 - Example 4.0+2.92=6.92=1.76+0.72+4.44<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q2. \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 167 Proust]<\/b><br>\nA) \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u094b - \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e H:O 1:8 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 9 g \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u21921 g H +8 g O - Cinnabar Fig9.5 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e 86.22% Hg 13.78% S B) \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0917\u0948\u0938<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Example NaCl Na:Cl 23:35.5 46 g Na \u219271 g Cl (35.5\/23\u00d746)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q3. \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 1808 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 168]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0923 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917, \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928, \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 - \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 H O \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 Mg \u0939\u0935\u093e \u091c\u0932 MgO - \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e C) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q4. \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 169]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 - H\u2082 \u0926\u094b H \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941, HCl \u090f\u0915 H \u090f\u0915 Cl, He \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 C) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0928 D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) - Sharing \u0915\u0941\u091b\/\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, Transfer \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\/\u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0927 Chemical Bond<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q5. \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 H\u2082 Cl\u2082 O\u2082? [Fig9.6 Fig9.7 Fig9.8]<\/b><br>\nA) H \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 1 K \u092e\u0947\u0902 1 K \u092e\u0947\u0902 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e H \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 1 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2082 H\u2014H \u090f\u0915\u0932, Cl \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 7 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b Cl \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e Cl\u2082 Cl\u2014Cl \u090f\u0915\u0932 Fig9.7, O \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 8 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 6 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b O \u0926\u094b-\u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e O\u2082 O=O \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 Fig9.8 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 C) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) N 5 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 N\u2082 N\u2261N \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 F 9 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 F\u2014F \u090f\u0915\u0932<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag9-2\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#1565c0;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udd35 \u092d\u093e\u0917 2\/5 - Q6-Q10<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q6. \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 HCl H\u2082O CO\u2082 H\u2082S NH\u2083 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947? [Fig9.9 Fig9.10]<\/b><br>\nA) HCl H 1 duplet 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f Cl 7 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e H\u2014Cl \u090f\u0915\u0932 Fig9.9 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915, H\u2082O H 1 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f O 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b H \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 O \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 Fig9.10 H\u2082O, CO\u2082 C 4 O 2 \u0926\u094b-\u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e O=C=O, H\u2082S S 6 2 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f H\u2014S\u2014H, NH\u2083 N 5 3 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0940\u0928 H B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 H\u2082<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Neon 2,8 8 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 - Together we are strong \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q7. \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 prefix system? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 172]<\/b><br>\nA) \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e -ide prefix mono-1 di-2 tri-3 tetra-4 penta-5 hexa-6 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e mono \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 o\/a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c monoxide pentoxide i \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 dioxide trioxide - CO carbon monoxide (monooxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) CO\u2082 carbon dioxide CS\u2082 disulfide \u0926\u094b S PCl\u2083 trichloride \u0924\u0940\u0928 Cl SF\u2086 hexafluoride \u091b\u0939 F N\u2082O\u2084 dinitrogen tetroxide (tetraoxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) N\u2082O\u2085 pentoxide - H \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0924\u094b prefix \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 H\u2082S hydrogen sulfide dihydrogen \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 - \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f H\u2082O water monoxide \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 NH\u2083 ammonia trihydride \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 mono C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 di<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q8. \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927 NaCl \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947? [Fig9.11 \u092a\u0947\u091c 172-173]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 4 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 - Na 11 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0940 1 \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 Cation Na\u207a Fig9.11a Na \u2192Fig9.11b Na\u207a+e\u207b, Cl 7 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 1 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 Cl\u207b Anion 17 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 18 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 Na\u207a Cl\u207b \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 - \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Table9.1(b) OH\u207b1 NO\u2083\u207b1 HCO\u2083\u207b1 CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b2 SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b2 NH\u2084\u207a1<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q9. \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 crossover? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 175]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 Table9.1 crossover subscript - HCl H1 Cl1\u2192HCl 1 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 H\u2082S H1 S2\u2192H\u2082S CCl\u2084 C4 Cl1\u2192CCl\u2084 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u093e\u0926 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q10. \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e crossover \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 176]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0927\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 superscripts \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e cross subscript \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 2 \u0914\u0930 4\u21921 \u0914\u0930 2 - CaCl\u2082 Ca\u00b2\u207a Cl\u207b\u2192CaCl\u2082 \u0926\u094b Cl\u207b \u0939\u0930 Ca\u00b2\u207a Al\u2082O\u2083 Al\u00b3\u207a O\u00b2\u207b MgO Mg\u00b2\u207a O\u00b2\u207b\u2192Mg\u2082O\u2082 \u0938\u0930\u0932 MgO - Mg(OH)\u2082 Mg\u00b2\u207a OH\u207b\u2192Mg(OH)\u2082 \u0926\u094b OH\u207b \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 Al(OH)\u2083 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f OH subscript 3 \u0924\u0940\u0928 OH\u207b \u090f\u0915 Al\u00b3\u207a AlOH\u2083 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 CaCO\u2083 Ca\u00b2\u207a CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b\u2192Ca\u2082(CO\u2083)\u2082 \u0938\u0930\u0932 CaCO\u2083 - Note \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u090f B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u093e\u0926 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag9-3\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#2e7d32;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe2 \u092d\u093e\u0917 3\/5 - Q11-Q15<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q11. \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923? [\u092a\u0947\u091c 177-179 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 9.4 Fig9.17]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 inter-ionic \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0915\u092e - \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0947\u091f \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u0928 Camphor Naphthalene Fig9.17 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 - low-voltage battery petrol kerosene \u091c\u094d\u0935\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 - \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e - Metal M \u0926\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 M \u0915\u094b\u0936 MO Ionic Conducts B) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q12. \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e? [Example9.4-9.7 \u092a\u0947\u091c 179-180]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 - \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 = \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 = \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917 - H\u2082O 1\u00d72+16=18 u CO\u2082 12+16\u00d72=44 u HNO\u2083 1+14+48=63 u CH\u2084 12+4=16 u Na\u2082O 23\u00d72+16=62 u Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082 40+{14+48}\u00d72=164 u KCl 39+35.5=74.5 u Mg(OH)\u2082 24+17\u00d72=58 u - \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 3-D \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u093e\u0926 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0923\u0941<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Example - At a Glance \u092a\u0947\u091c 180 \u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q13. 12 g carbon +32 g oxygen \u219244 g CO\u2082 \u0924\u094b 2.4 g carbon \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e CO\u2082? [Example9.2]<\/b><br>\nA) 8.8 g - 1 g \u219244\/12 2.4\u00d744\/12=8.8 B) 44 g C) 12 g D) 32 g<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q14. \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 40% S 60% O 20 g S \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b O \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e? [Q3]<\/b><br>\nA) 30 g - 40:60=2:3 20\u219230 B) 20 g C) 40 g D) 60 g<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Answer Key 30 g<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q15. CO \u092e\u0947\u0902 C:O 3:4 9 g C \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 O \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e? [Q4]<\/b><br>\nA) 12 g - 9\u00d74\/3=12 B) 3 g C) 4 g D) 9 g<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Answer Key 12 g<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag9-4\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#ef6c00;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\ud83d\udfe0 \u092d\u093e\u0917 4\/5 - Q16-Q20<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.9;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q16. \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e CO\u2082 NO\u2082 SF\u2086 PCl\u2083? [Q16 \u092a\u0947\u091c 177 Answer Key]<\/b><br>\nA) Carbon dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Phosphorous trichloride B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 mono C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 di<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q17. \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 NaHCO\u2083 SO\u2082 FeCl\u2083 Cu\u2082O \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e? [Q17 Answer Key]<\/b><br>\nA) Sodium hydrogencarbonate Sulfur dioxide Ferric chloride Cuprous oxide B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 NaCl C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 SO\u2082<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q18. Fe\u00b3\u207a OH\u207b \u0914\u0930 K\u207a CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930? [Q18]<\/b><br>\nA) Fe(OH)\u2083 K\u2082CO\u2083 B) FeOH KCO\u2083 C) Fe\u2082OH\u2083 D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Answer Key Fe(OH)\u2083 K\u2082CO\u2083<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q19. \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u0902\u0927? [Q19]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 - \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 B) \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 C) \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q20. HNO\u2083 CH\u2084 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928? [Q21 Q22 Answer Key 63 16]<\/b><br>\nA) 63 u 16 u - HNO\u2083 1+14+48=63 CH\u2084 12+4=16 B) 18 44 C) 62 164 D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"ag9-5\" style=\"display:none;\"><div style=\"background:#004d40;color:#fff;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:bold;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:8px;\">\u2705 \u092d\u093e\u0917 5\/5 - Q21-Q25 + \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/div><div style=\"background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #1b5e20;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;font-size:14px;line-height:2;height:580px;overflow-y:auto;\">\n\n<b>Q21. KCl Mg(OH)\u2082 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928? [Q23 Q24 Answer Key 74.5 58]<\/b><br>\nA) 74.5 u 58 u - KCl 39+35.5 Mg(OH)\u2082 24+34 B) 18 44 C) 63 16 D) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q22. NH\u2084NO\u2083 H\u2083PO\u2084 NaHCO\u2083 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908? [Q8 Answer Key 80 98 84]<\/b><br>\nA) 80 98 84 - NH\u2084 18 NO\u2083 62 \u0915\u0941\u0932 80 H\u2083PO\u2084 3+31+64=98 NaHCO\u2083 23+1+12+48=84 B) 18 44 62 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 80<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q23. Mg \u0914\u0930 nitrogen Li \u0914\u0930 nitrogen Na \u0914\u0930 sulfur Al \u0914\u0930 oxygen \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930? [Q9 Answer Key Mg\u2083N\u2082 Li\u2083N Na\u2082S Al\u2082O\u2083]<\/b><br>\nA) Mg\u2083N\u2082 Li\u2083N Na\u2082S Al\u2082O\u2083 B) MgN LiN NaS AlO C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 Mg\u2083N\u2082<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Mg\u00b2\u207a N\u00b3\u207b crossover Mg\u2083N\u2082 Li\u207a N\u00b3\u207b Li\u2083N Na\u207a S\u00b2\u207b Na\u2082S Al\u00b3\u207a O\u00b2\u207b Al\u2082O\u2083<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q24. Table9.3 LiNO\u2083 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094b NO\u2083\u207b SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b PO\u2084\u00b3\u207b? [Q10 Answer Key]<\/b><br>\nA) NH\u2084\u207a\u2192NH\u2084NO\u2083 (NH\u2084)\u2082SO\u2084 (NH\u2084)\u2083PO\u2084 Li\u207a\u2192LiNO\u2083 Li\u2082SO\u2084 Li\u2083PO\u2084 Al\u00b3\u207a\u2192Al(NO\u2083)\u2083 Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 AlPO\u2084 Cu\u00b2\u207a\u2192Cu(NO\u2083)\u2082 CuSO\u2084 Cu\u2083(PO\u2084)\u2082 B) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 LiNO\u2083 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 Al<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A)<\/b><br><br>\n\n<b>Q25. 5.3 g sodium carbonate 6.0 g acetic acid \u21922.2 g CO\u2082 0.9 g water 8.2 g sodium acetate \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f? [Q11] + Z11 A23 Cation Na\u207a? [Q12]<\/b><br>\nA) \u0939\u093e\u0901 5.3+6.0=11.3 2.2+0.9+8.2=11.3 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 - Z=11 A=23 11 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 10 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 Cation 2,8 Sodium cation Na\u207a B) \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 C) \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 D) \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e<br>\n<b>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930: A) Q13 B \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 Covalent AB\u2083, Q14 Copper sulfate \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 (iii) A \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f R \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f, Q15 Al 13e14n Br\u207b36e45n Hg\u00b2\u207a78e121n<\/b><br><br>\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff9c4;border:3px solid #fbc02d;padding:10px;border-radius:10px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;\">\n\u2705 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 Chapter 9 - PDF \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<br><br>\n\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 Lavoisier Father Modern Chemistry \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 10 g ethanol \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 20+160=180 - Na\u2082SO\u2084+BaCl\u2082 BaSO\u2084 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 4.0+2.92=6.92=1.76+0.72+4.44 12+32=44 2.4\u21928.8<br>\n\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 Proust \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 H:O 1:8 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 Cinnabar \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e 86.22% Hg 13.78% S NaCl 23:35.5 46\u219271 40% S 20\u219230 CO 3:4 9\u219212 4:1=8:2 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924<br>\nDalton 1808 6 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0905\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<br>\n\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 He \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941, \u092c\u0902\u0927 Sharing Transfer \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<br>\n\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 H\u2082 H\u2014H \u090f\u0915\u0932 Cl\u2082 Cl\u2014Cl O\u2082 O=O \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 N\u2082 N\u2261N \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 F\u2082 HCl H\u2014Cl H\u2082O CO\u2082 O=C=O H\u2082S H\u2014S\u2014H NH\u2083 Neon 2,8 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<br>\n\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 CO monoxide CO\u2082 dioxide CS\u2082 disulfide PCl\u2083 trichloride SF\u2086 hexafluoride N\u2082O\u2084 tetroxide N\u2082O\u2085 pentoxide H\u2082S sulfide H\u2082O water NH\u2083 ammonia<br>\n\u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 Na\u207a 11p10e Cl\u207b 17p18e NaCl \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 OH\u207b NO\u2083\u207b HCO\u2083\u207b CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b NH\u2084\u207a \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 CaCl\u2082 Al\u2082O\u2083 MgO Mg(OH)\u2082 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f Al(OH)\u2083 Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 CaCO\u2083 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947<br>\n\u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0915\u092e - \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 MO Ionic<br>\n\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 H\u2082O 18 CO\u2082 44 HNO\u2083 63 CH\u2084 16 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 Na\u2082O 62 Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082 164 KCl 74.5 Mg(OH)\u2082 58 NH\u2084NO\u2083 80 H\u2083PO\u2084 98 NaHCO\u2083 84<br>\nMg\u2083N\u2082 Li\u2083N Na\u2082S Al\u2082O\u2083 Table LiNO\u2083 Al\u2082(SO\u2084)\u2083 Cu\u2083(PO\u2084)\u2082 11.3=11.3 Z11 A23 Cation Na\u207a 2,8 AB\u2083 Covalent CuSO\u2084 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 Al13e14n Br\u207b36e45n Hg\u00b2\u207a78e121n<br>\n\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e 5 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"background:#1b5e20;padding:12px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;\">\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"ag9p\" style=\"background:#ffcc00;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">&larr; \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/button>\n<span id=\"ag9i\" style=\"background:#fff;color:#1b5e20;padding:8px 20px;border-radius:20px;font-weight:bold;\">1 \/ 5<\/span>\n<button type=\"button\" id=\"ag9n\" style=\"background:#00e676;color:#000;border:3px solid #fff;border-radius:30px;padding:10px 22px;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer;min-width:100px;\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 &rarr;<\/button>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\nvar c=1,t=5;\nfunction s(n){\nfor(var i=1;i<=t;i++){\nvar el=document.getElementById('ag9-'+i);\nif(el)el.style.display=(i===n?'block':'none');\n}\ndocument.getElementById('ag9i').textContent=n+' \/ '+t;\nc=n;\n}\ndocument.getElementById('ag9n').onclick=function(){var n=c+1;if(n>t)n=1;s(n);};\ndocument.getElementById('ag9p').onclick=function(){var n=c-1;if(n<1)n=t;s(n);};\n})();\n<\/script><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 9 &#8211; Atomic Foundations of Matter &#8211; \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f &#8211; \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \ud83d\udd34 \u092d\u093e\u0917 1\/5 &#8211; \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 Chapter 9 &#8211; \u092a\u0947\u091c 162 &#8211; Think It Over &#8211; \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902? &#8211; \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 O [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - 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